Long-term inhibition of ferritin2 synthesis in trophocytes and oenocytes by ferritin2 double-stranded RNA ingestion to investigate the mechanisms of magnetoreception in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Behavioral studies indicate that honey bees (Apis mellifera) have a capacity for magnetoreception and superparamagnetic magnetite is suggested to be a magnetoreceptor. The long-term inhibition of magnetite formation can be employed to explore the bee's magnetoreception. A recent study shows that magnetite formation, ferritin2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, and the protein synthesis of ferritin2 in trophocytes and oenocytes were all inhibited by a single injection of ferritin2 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the hemolymph of honey bees but how to maintain this knockdown of ferritin2 for the long-term is unknown. In this study, we injected ferritin2 dsRNA into the hemolymph of worker bees three times every six days to maintain long-term inhibition; however, multi-microinjections accelerated the death of the bees. To overcome this problem, we further reared newly emerged worker bees daily with ferritin2 dsRNA throughout their lives, demonstrating no impact on their lifespans. Follow-up assays showed that the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 were persistently inhibited. These findings verified that daily ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion not only displays the long-term inhibition of mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2, but also did not damage the bees. This method of long-term inhibition can be used in behavioral studies of magnetoreception in honey bees.

Introduction

Magnetoreception is a sense that allows animals to create magnetic maps for navigation and positioning using the Earth’s magnetic field. Honey bees (A. mellifera) have the capacity of magnetoreception based on behavioral evidence. Bees’ comb construction and homing behaviors are affected by the addition of a magnetic field [1-3]. Bees can detect small static intensity fluctuations at a level of 26 nT (nanotesla) against the earth-strength magnetic field [4, 5]. 26 nT is the intensity of the magnetic field at a current of 2 x 10−5 ampere in a laboratory training apparatus [4]. At this low current, the trained bees can still meet the behavioral response criteria [4]. Bees can detect localized anomalies in a magnetic field [6, 7]. Bees can detect magnetic stimuli, and the signal is sent by the ventral nerve cord [8].

The discovery of superparamagnetic magnetite in the iron granules (IGs) of iron deposition vesicles (IDVs) of trophocytes supports the behavioral evidence of magnetoreception in honey bees [9, 10]. A magnetic field causes the conformation changes of IGs resulting in the fluctuation of cytoskeletons on IDVs, which are used to establish a magnetic map during orientation flights [10]. Trophocytes are located in the fat bodies of the abdomen of honey bees [11] and the magnetic sensing signal is transferred through the ventral nerve cord [8]. IGs, therefore, are proposed to be the magnetoreceptor in honey bees [10].

IGs are formed from the aggregation of 7.5-nm diameter iron particles in the center of IDVs of trophocytes [11]. An actin-myosin-ferritin transporter system including actin, myosin, ferritin, and ATP synthase in IDVs participates in the formation of IGs [12]. Ferritin is a hollow globular protein containing heavy chains and light chains. Heavy chains called ferritin1 are important for Fe+2 oxidation and have a relationship with the transportation of 7.5-nm diameter iron particles [13, 14]. Light chains called ferritin2 assist in core formation and participate in the formation of 7.5-nm diameter iron particles [13, 14].

RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene knockdown has been used to knock down vitellogenin, octopamine receptor, DNA methyl-transferase, insulin receptor substrate, tyramine receptor 1, naked cuticle, and transferrin by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injection or ingestion in adult honey bees [15-22]. Recently, we have successfully knocked down ferritin2 and ferritin1 by the one injection of dsRNA into the hemolymph of honey bees [14]. The mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 and the formation of magnetite were inhibited [14]. The one injection of ferritin2 dsRNA shows an inhibitory effect, but its inhibitory effect did not last long enough for behavioral studies.

Finding a procedure for ferritin2 RNAi that not only can have a long-term knockdown effect throughout bee’s lives but also does not damage the bees is important for behavioral studies to explore the magnetoreception of honey bees.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

The experimental honey bees (A. mellifera) containing pupae from different colonies were purchased from a single commercial breeder (Hsinchu, Taiwan) and were kept in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taiwan. Although honey bees are neither an endangered nor protected species, we comply with the regulations of the laboratory animal care and use committee of Chang Gung University.

The preparation of dsRNA toward ferritin2 and green fluorescent protein (GFP)

The primers were designed according to the nucleotide sequences available in GenBank: ferritin2 (Fer2LCH) (XM_624073.4): forward 5’-ATTTTTGGCAACTGCCTCTG-3’, reverse 5’-ATTCTCGAACACGGTCTGCT-3’; GFP: forward 5’-GAGATACCCAGATCAT-3’, reverse 5’-GATGATATTCACCACTT-3’. Primers were fused with T7 promoter sequence (5’- TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCGA-3’). Total RNA was isolated from the trophocytes and oenocytes of three worker bees at 3 days after adult emergence using TRIzol (15596018; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was synthesized by using Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis System for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (18080–051; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Briefly, the synthesis of dsDNA had two steps: one was to synthesize the first-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) by reverse transcriptase, and the other was to synthesize dsDNA from the cDNA by PCR. We used 1 μg of total RNA and followed the manufacturer’s instructions to synthesize cDNA (18080–051; Invitrogen). For synthesizing dsDNA, the 50 μl PCR mixture contained the following: 2 μl cDNA, 1.5 μl forward primer, 1.5 μl reverse primer, 25 μl PCR master mix, and 20 μl H2O. The PCR program was 95°C for 3 min, followed by 36 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 53°C for 35 s, and 72°C for 45 s, and then 72°C for 10 min in a TProfessional Thermocycler (070–851; Biometra, Goettingen, Germany). The dsDNA was purified by QIA Quick Gel Extraction Kit (28704, Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). The 2 μl of dsDNA, 600 ng/μl, was transformed into E. coli by using Topo TA Cloning Kit for sequencing (450030, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The plasmid was isolated with QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (27104, Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). The dsDNA was amplified by PCR using the T7 primers. The 50 μl PCR mixture contained the following: 1 μl plasmid DNA, 1.5 μl forward primer, 1.5 μl reverse primer, 25 μl PCR master mix, and 21 μl H2O. The PCR program was 95°C for 3 min, followed by 36 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 35 s, 72°C for 45 s, and then 72°C for 10 min in a TProfessional Thermocycler (070–851; Biometra). After PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis via 1.0% agarose gels was performed to verify the expected target. The PCR product was purified by QIA Quick Gel Extraction Kit (28704, Qiagen) for dsRNA synthesis. The dsRNA was synthesized from PCR product and purified by using AmpliScribeTM T7-FlashTM Transcription Kit (ASF3257, Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The 20 μl reactive mixture contained the following: 6.8 μl the PCR product, linearized template DNA, 2 μl AmpliScribeTM T7-Flash 10X reaction buffer, 1.8 μl ATP, 1.8 μl CTP, 1.8 μl GTP, 1.8 μl UTP, 2 μl DTT, and 2 μl AmpliScribeTM T7-Flash enzyme solution. Gel electrophoresis via 1.0% agarose gels was performed to verify the expected target. The dsRNA was diluted with nuclease-free water to a final concentration of 5 μg/μl [14, 21–23].

The multi-microinjections of ferritin2 and DEPC water

The brood combs of honey bees (A. mellifera) containing pupae from the source colony were purchased from a single commercial breeder (Hsinchu, Taiwan) and transferred to an incubator (34°C, 75% relative humidity) [24]. Seventy newly emerged worker bees were collected in a cage (15x10x12 cm) and put into a 34°C thermostat (NK system, Nippon, Japan). Worker bees were fed honey and fresh pollen grains mixed with honey (3:1) every day [24]. For microinjection, worker bees were immobilized on a disc of bee wax with two crossed metal needles at room temperature (25 ± 1°C). The bees were injected with 1 μl nuclease-free water (diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water) (DEPC water group) or 1 μl ferritin2 dsRNA solution (5 μg/μl) (Fer2 RNAi group) with a microinjector (FemtoJet, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). Worker bees without microinjection were the control group. Microinjection was performed on the dorsum of the abdomen between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segment with glass needles. Individuals showing hemolymph leakage after microinjection were discarded. Successfully injected bees were housed in a cage (15x10x12 cm) for 1 h before moving into an incubator set to 34°C (NK system, Nippon, Japan) [14]. Microinjection was carried out three times every 6 days and the number of survival bees was calculated at 1, 7, 13, and 19 days. This experiment was replicated three times and two hundred ten worker bees in total were used in each group.

The feeding of ferritin2 dsRNA, GFP dsRNA, or DEPC water and survivorship

The collection of worker bees was mentioned above. Fifty newly emerged worker bees were collected in a cage and put into a 34°C thermostat. Each worker bee of the control group, the DEPC group, the GFP RNAi group, and the Fer2 RNAi group was fed 30μl honey with 1.5μl ddH2O and commercial fresh pollen grains mixed with honey, 30μl honey with 1.5μl DEPC-treated water and fresh pollen grains mixed with honey, 30μl honey with 1.5μl of 5 μg/μl GFP dsRNA and fresh pollen grains mixed with honey, and 30μl honey with 1.5μl of 5 μg/μl ferritin2 dsRNA and fresh pollen grains mixed with honey every day, respectively. Survivorship of worker bees was recorded every day. The survivorship, mean lifespan, and maximum lifespan were analyzed by SPSS software (version 10, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) [24]. This experiment was replicated four times and two hundred worker bees in total were used in each group.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses

Trophocytes and oenocytes were isolated from two worker bees reared with ddH2O (control group), with GFP dsRNA (GFP RNAi group), with ferritin2 dsRNA (Fer2 RNAi group) at 3, 7, 11, 15, and 20 days after adult emergence. Worker bees of each group were dissected with scissors and their abdominal trophocytes and oenocytes were detached from the cuticle using a knife in honey bee saline (156.4 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 22.2 mM glucose, pH 7.3) and collected by centrifugation [10]. Total RNA was extracted from these cells using Trizol® Reagent (15596018; Invitrogen, CA, USA). RNA concentration and quality were determined using a SynergyTM HT multi-mode microplate reader (7091000; BioTek). The complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was performed using an iScript™ cDNA Synthesis Kit (170–8891; Bio-Rad Laboratories, CA, USA). Amplification was performed in a TProfessional Thermocycler (070–851; Biometra). Each reaction contained 1 μg of total RNA in a 20 μl reaction volume. The qPCR was performed using a CFX connect RT-PCR detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, CA, USA) and each reaction contained 0.5 μl of 10 μM of each primer, 12.5 μl of SYBR Green (170–8882; Bio-Rad Laboratories), 1 μl of diluted cDNA, and 10.5 μl of ddH2O in a final volume of 25 μl [14]. Primer sequences were noted above. The β-actin gene was used as a reference gene [25]. The primers were designed according to the nucleotide sequences available in GenBank: β-actin (AB023025): forward 5’-ATGCCAACACTGTCCTTTCTGG-3’, reverse 5’-GACCCACCAATCCATACGGA-3’. The PCR program was 95°C for 3 min, followed by 39 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 10 s and annealing at 60°C for 30 s. All samples were run in quadruplicate. The relative expression levels of genes were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method [26]. Ten replicates were performed, and twenty worker bees in total were used in each group.

Western blotting

Trophocytes and oenocytes were isolated from two worker bees reared with ddH2O (control group), with GFP dsRNA (GFP RNAi group), with ferritin2 dsRNA (Fer2 RNAi group) at 20 days after adult emergence, homogenized in 100 μl of radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 5% deoxycholic acid, 0.10% NP-40, 5mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) containing protease inhibitors (11697498001; Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN, USA), and centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min at 4°C. The protein concentration of the resulting supernatant was determined using a protein assay reagent (500–0006; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Proteins (30 μg) from the supernatant were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) on 10–15% polyacrylamide gels and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. After blocking for 1h at 25°C, membranes were first incubated with primary antibodies against ferritin2 (1:1,000; produced in-house) [12] or tubulin (ab6046, 1:10,000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and then probed with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:10,000). Anti-ferritin2 antibodies were produced in rabbits using peptides corresponding to the COOH-terminal region of honey bee ferritin2 (amino acids 154–172; KIHEKANKKQDSAIAHYME) [12]. Immunoreactive proteins were detected using a chemiluminescence method (PerkinElmer, Covina, CA, USA) and analyzed using Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA). The protein expression levels were normalized to tubulin [24]. Ten replicates were performed, and twenty worker bees in total were used in each group.

Statistical analysis

SPSS software was used for statistical analyses [24]. Differences in the mean values among the three treatment groups were determined by one-way ANOVA and by Tukey’s HSD for pairwise comparisons. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Survivorship was calculated using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) method. A p-value of less than 0.005 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The multi-microinjections of dsRNA damages bees

To keep a continuous ferritin2 RNAi knockdown effect for exploring the mechanisms of magnetoreception, we injected ferritin2 dsRNA into the hemolymph of worker bees three times every six days. The experiments showed that the number of surviving bees decreased at 7, 13, and 19 days when they were injected with ferritin2 dsRNA or DEPC water compared to the non-injected control (n = 210, P < 0.05; Fig 1), indicating that multi-microinjections damaged the bees.

Fig 1

The survivorship of worker bees injected with ferritin2 dsRNA or DEPC water at 1, 7, 13, and 19 days after adult emergence.

Control, no injection. Fer2 RNAi, ferritin2 dsRNA injection. DEPC water, DEPC water injection. The results were expressed as percentages and presented as the means at 1 day and as the means ± standard error of the means (SEMs) at 7, 13, and 19 days (n = 210). Asterisks indicate statistical significance (*P < 0.05; ***P< 0.001; one-way ANOVA).

The survivorship of bees is not shortened by the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion

To find a way to continuously induce the ferritin2 RNAi knockdown effect without damaging the bees, we reared newly emerged worker bees with ferritin2 dsRNA throughout their lives. The results revealed that the lifespan of worker bees were not shortened after feeding them ferritin2 dsRNA compared to GFP dsRNA, the DEPC water, and the non-fed control (n = 200, P > 0.05; Fig 2). The mean lifespan and the maximum lifespan of worker bees reared with ferritin2 dsRNA were not significantly different compared to those reared with GFP dsRNA, the DEPC water, or the control (n = 200, P > 0.05; Table 1). These results revealed that dsRNA ingestion did not damage bees.

Fig 2

The survivorship of worker bees in the ferritin2 RNAi, the GFP RNAi, the DEPC water, and the control.

Fer2 RNAi, feeding with ferritin2 dsRNA. GFP RNAi, feeding with GFP dsRNA. DEPC, feeding with DEPC water. Control, no additional feeding (n = 200; P = 0.149). P-value was calculated using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) method.

Table 1

Mean and maximum lifespan of worker bees of ferritin2 RNAi, GFP RNAi, DEPC water, and control.

Treatments	Mean lifespan ± SEM (days)	Maximum lifespan ± SEM (days)	N
Ferritin2 RNAi	21.75 ± 0.74	31.50 ± 0.65	200
GFP RNAi	21.25 ± 0.66	30.50 ± 0.65	200
DEPC water	22.63 ± 0.68	33.17 ± 0.95	200
Control	20.76 ± 0.66	33.50 ± 1.43	200

Maximum lifespan is the mean lifespan of the 10% of population that had the longest lifespans. N, number of worker bees analyzed. RNAi, RNA interference; GFP, green fluorescent protein; DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate; SEM, standard error of the means.

The mRNA expression of ferritin2 is inhibited by the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion

To evaluate the RNAi effect of ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion, we assayed the mRNA levels of ferritin2 in the trophocytes and oenocytes of worker bees reared with ferritin2 or GFP dsRNA at 3, 7, 11, 15, and 20 days. The results showed that the mRNA levels of ferritin2 in trophocytes and oenocytes decreased at 3, 7, 11, 15, and 20 days compared to the control or the GFP RNAi (n = 10, P < 0.05; Fig 3A–3E), indicating that the ferritin2 dsRNA daily ingestion persistently suppressed ferritin2 mRNA expression.

Fig 3

The mRNA expression of ferritin2 in trophocytes and oenocytes of worker bees at 3 (a), 7 (b), 11 (c), 15 (d), and 20 (e) days after feeding with ferritin2 dsRNA. Fer2 RNAi, feeding with ferritin2 dsRNA. GFP RNAi, feeding with GFP dsRNA. Control, feeding with water. Actin served as the loading control. The results were normalized to the control and were shown as fold changes, representing the mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Asterisks indicate statistical significance (**P < 0.01; ***P< 0.001; one-way ANOVA).

The protein synthesis of ferritin2 is inhibited by the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion

To verify the RNAi effect of ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion, we assayed the protein levels of ferritin2 in the trophocytes and oenocytes of worker bees reared with ferritin2 or GFP dsRNA at 20 days because worker bees reared with ferritin2 dsRNA at 20 days were used for behavior studies. The findings revealed that the protein levels of ferritin2 in trophocytes and oenocytes declined at 20 days compared to the control and the GFP RNAi (Fig 4A). Statistical analyses showed that the protein levels of ferritin2 were significantly different compared to the control and the GFP RNAi (n = 10, P < 0.05; Fig 4B), indicating that the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion every day persistently suppressed the protein synthesis of ferritin2.

Fig 4

The protein levels of ferritin2 in trophocytes and oenocytes of worker bees at 20 days after feeding with ferritin2 dsRNA.

(a) The protein levels of ferritin2. F, feeding with ferritin2 dsRNA. G, feeding with GFP dsRNA. C, feeding with water. Tubulin served as the loading control. (b) The results were normalized to the control and shown as fold changes, representing the mean ± SEMs (n = 10). Fer2 RNAi, feeding with ferritin2 dsRNA. GFP RNAi, feeding with GFP dsRNA. Control, feeding with water. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; one-way ANOVA).

Discussion

We previously injected ferritin2 dsRNA once into the hemolymph of newly emerged worker bees and demonstrated that the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 and the formation of magnetite are inhibited by ferritin2 RNAi [14]. However, maintaining a continuous ferritin2 RNAi effect is important for further exploring the mechanism of magnetoreception. This study demonstrated that the ferritin2 dsRNA daily ingestion persistently inhibits the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 without any impact on the bee’s lifespans.

Although one single injection of ferritin2 dsRNA inhibits the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 and the formation of magnetite, by only keeping continuous ferritin2 RNAi effects or long-term knockdown can this approach be used for behavioral studies to explore the mechanism of magnetoreception. For this goal, we continuously injected ferritin2 dsRNA into the hemolymph of worker bees three times every six days; however, this type of injection damages bees leading to the decline in the survival number of bees. Similar damage is also present in the multi-microinjections of DEPC water. The most likely reason for these phenomena is that multi-microinjections result in long-term hemolymph leakage, which damages bees. This inference is supported by previous studies showing that dsRNA injection into hemolymph causes hemolymph leakage [14, 15, 27]. Therefore, long-term knockdown through multi-microinjections are not feasible for further behavioral studies.

The lifespan of bees is not shortened by the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion

To overcome the damage of multi-microinjections, we fed newly emerged worker bees with ferritin2 dsRNA throughout their lives. The lifespan of bees reared with ferritin2 dsRNA was similar to that of the GFP RNAi, the DEPC water, and the control. This phenomenon reveals that the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion does not damage bees. This statement is consistent with previous studies indicating that the feeding of naked cuticle-dsRNA in Nosema ceranae-infected bees extends the lifespan of bees and improves the overall health of bees [21] and the feeding of deformed wing virus (DWV)-dsRNA does not affect bee’s survival [28]. The most likely reason is that dsRNA has no toxicity for honey bees [29] or that dsRNA does not completely knock down ferritin2 to affect the physiology of bees [14]. Therefore, the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion has a potential for utilization in behavior studies of magnetoreception of honey bees. The ingested ferritin2 dsRNA was exported into hemolymph where ferritin2 dsRNA was associated with proteins, forming extracellular ribonucleoprotein complexes. Once ferritin2 dsRNA in hemolymph was taken up by trophocytes, it was cut into double-stranded small interference RNAs by Dicer in the cytoplasm to perform the gene silencing [20, 30, 31].

The mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 are inhibited by the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion

To determine the ferritin2 RNAi effect of ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion, the mRNA expression and protein synthesis levels of ferritin2 were assayed. The mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 in trophocytes and oenocytes decreased after the ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion, demonstrating that the feeding of ferritin2 dsRNA throughout the bee’s lives inhibits the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2. The RNAi effect of ferritin2 ingestion is similar to the one from the injection RNAi effect that inhibits the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 [14]; furthermore, ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion has a long-term knockdown effect. The RNAi effect of ferritin2 daily ingestion corresponds with previous studies showing that the feeding of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV)-dsRNA lowers IAPV level and prevents bee’s mortality [25] and the feeding of DWV-dsRNA reduces wing deformity [28].

Notwithstanding the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 were inhibited by ferritin2 dsRNA ingestion, the lifespan of ferritin2 RNAi knockdown honey bees was not shortened compared to the control bees. The most likely reason is that ferritin2 RNAi does not completely knock down ferritin2, resulting in the partial synthesis of ferritin2 protein, which can perform the normal physiological function in bees. This phenomenon corresponds to a previous study indicating that vitellogenin (Vg) RNAi decreases the mRNA expression of Vg but does not shorten the lifespan of honey bees [23].

Conclusions

We injected ferritin2 dsRNA into the hemolymph of worker bees three times every six days to maintain long-term inhibition of ferritin2; however, multi-microinjections accelerated the bees’ death. The most likely reason is the leakage of hemolymph after injection. Therefore, this method is not feasible for long-term inhibition of ferritin2 synthesis. By contrast, newly emerged worker bees that are daily reared with ferritin2 dsRNA throughout their lives do not display a shortened lifespan compared to controls and their mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 were persistently inhibited. These findings demonstrated that the ferritin2 dsRNA daily ingestion not only has the effect on the long-term inhibition of mRNA expression and protein synthesis of ferritin2 but also does not damage bees. This kind of long-term inhibition can be used for behavioral studies.

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