Altered microstructural properties of superficial white matter in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. Previous diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies found abnormal DTI metrics in white matter bundles, such as the corpus callosum, cingulate, and frontal-parietal bundles, in PD patients. These studies mainly focused on alterations in microstructural features of long-range bundles within the deep white matter (DWM) that connects pairs of distant cortical regions. However, less is known about the DTI metrics of the superficial white matter (SWM) that connects local cortical regions in PD patients. To determine whether the DTI metrics of the SWM were different between the PD patients and the healthy controls, we recruited DTI data from 34 PD patients and 29 gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Using a probabilistic tractographic approach, we first defined a population-based SWM mask across all the subjects. Using a tract-based spatial statistical (TBSS) analytic approach, we then identified the SWM bundles showing abnormal DTI metrics in the PD patients. We found that the PD patients showed significantly lower DTI metrics in the SWM bundles connecting the sensorimotor cortex, cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and parieto-occipital cortex than the healthy controls. We also found that the clinical measures in the PD patients was significantly negatively correlated with the fractional anisotropy in the SWM (FASWM) that connects core regions in the default mode network (DMN). The FASWM in the bundles that connected the PPC was significantly positively correlated with cognitive performance in the PD patients. Our findings suggest that SWM may serve as the brain structural basis underlying the sensorimotor deficits and cognitive degeneration in PD patients.