Research on the evolution and driving forces of the manufacturing industry during the "13th five-year plan" period in Jiangsu province of China based on natural language processing.

The development of China's manufacturing industry has received global attention. However, research on the distribution pattern, changes, and driving forces of the manufacturing industry has been limited by the accessibility of data. This study proposes a method for classifying based on natural language processing. A case study was conducted employing this method, hotspot detection and driving force analysis, wherein the driving forces industrial development during the "13th Five-Year plan" period in Jiangsu province were determined. The main conclusions of the empirical case study are as follows. 1) Through the acquisition of Amap's point-of-interest (POI, a special point location that commonly used in modern automotive navigation systems.) data, an industry type classification algorithm based on the natural language processing of POI names is proposed, with Jiangsu Province serving as an example. The empirical test shows that the accuracy was 95%, and the kappa coefficient was 0.872. 2) The seven types of manufacturing industries including the pulp and paper (PP) industry, metallurgical chemical (MC) industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing (PM) industry, machinery and electronics (ME) industry, wood furniture (WF) industry, textile clothing (TC) industry, and agricultural and food product processing (AF) industry are drawn through a 1 km× 1km projection grid. The evolution map of the spatial pattern and the density field hotspots are also drawn. 3) After analyzing the driving forces of the changes in the number of manufacturing industries mentioned above, we found that manufacturing base, distance from town, population, GDP per capita, distance from the railway station were the significant driving factors of changes in the manufacturing industries mentioned above. The results of this research can help guide the development of manufacturing industries, maximize the advantages of regional factors and conditions, and provide insight into how the spatial layout of the manufacturing industry could be optimized.

Introduction

China’s economic development, especially in its manufacturing sector, has received global attention [1]. The implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative has accelerated the development of China’s manufacturing industry [2, 3], which has acquired a reputation for being a “world factory.” The manufacturing industry is the mainstay of China’s national economy; thus, China’s rapid economic growth has been largely driven by the development of its manufacturing industry. Two main patterns have been noted during the rapid expansion of China’s manufacturing industry: the manufacturing industry has continued to grow both in terms of quality and quantity [4], and manufacturing activities are concentrated in a few regions [5]. However, the spatial patterns of manufacturing vary in different regions because of differences in human capital, innovation capacity, technology absorptive capacity, and capital policies [6]. The coastal provinces in eastern China have advantageous geographical locations and greater economic capital and technological development and thus have played a critical role in China’s economic development.

Many studies have examined the evolution of the spatial patterns of manufacturing and its driving force in China [7-10]. In terms of the evolution studies, data mainly have been collected from various economic censuses [11, 12], statistical yearbooks [13, 14], large and medium-sized enterprise databases [15]. However, the data obtained by these methods often lack accurate spatial coordinate information. This is problematic given that spatial changes in the manufacturing industry are mainly reflected by microgeographical openings and closures of individual companies. According to previous studies, some of the drivers of manufacturing include Economy (wage and land price [16], GDP per capita, and R&D internal expenditure [17], and the entry and exit of closely related industries [18]), Population (quality of labor and number of workers [19], Environment (environmental regulation [17]), Policy (size of development zone [19], industrial policies mentioned by provincial government [20]), and Location (distance to the Great Lakes and the East coast [16]). However, because of the lack of high-resolution data, research on driving forces has been conducted at provincial and prefecture-level city scales.

Point-of-interest (POI, a special point that is commonly used in modern automotive navigation systems) with accurate geospatial information was the main approach used for navigation years ago. With the development of data collection and processing technology, there has been increased interest in POI information mining and application [21]. XU Dong [22] used POI data to analyze the spatial characteristics of leisure tourism in Nanjing. RAN Zhao [23] used POI data for catering, leisure, and medical care to study spatial patterns in the consumer service industry in Changsha. LAN Zhenjia [24] used POI data for elementary schools, traffic stations, and residential areas to evaluate the status of elementary education resources in eastern cities in China. CUI Zhenzhen [25] used POI data of public service facilities to evaluate urban life convenience. Fan Chenjing [26] used POI data, remote sensing data and data from urban statistical yearbooks to evaluate ecological spatial planning. CHEN Shili [27] used POI, floating car GPS, and road network data to identify different functional zones. ZHAO Yunhan [28] used POI, Tencent user density, and building footprint data to extract buildings of urban villages in Guangzhou. The types of POI data used by studies have mainly included commercial facilities, living facilities, and cultural facilities. Such data are updated promptly and have high classification accuracy. However, data types such as companies and enterprises have low classification accuracy, and the classification system is often incomplete. Consequently, few spatial studies of companies using POI data have been conducted.

In general, few studies have examined the evolutionary dynamics of the structure of the manufacturing industry at the micro-level, and research on the driving forces of the spatial elements of the industrial layout has yet to be conducted. Although POI big data can be used to study the spatial patterns of various urban facilities at the theoretical and technical level, current research on POI has been mostly focused on characterizing the patterns of spatial density in the original data. Further data mining is then carried out based on these data. In this study, a natural language processing algorithm based on existing POI research methods is used to semantically classify the names of manufacturing POI data and convert the original data into spatial pattern data. Using the framework described above, this paper uses Jiangsu, China as a case study and examines the evolution of the manufacturing industry and its driving forces. Generally, this paper establishes a set of research methods for studying the evolution of the manufacturing industry at the micro-scale. Valuable manufacturing-related data are provided, which could be used to optimize the layout of the manufacturing industry.

Research framework

The number of POIs is almost equal to the number of facilities in the world. Therefore, the evolution of the industrial structure and its driving forces can be feasibly studied through classified POI data. The research process is divided into 4 steps. First, POI data are collected, and the knowledge base of POI industry types is constructed. Second, POI data are cleaned and classified. Third, the industrial space pattern is drawn. Fourth, the driving forces of industry evolution are analyzed.

Industry type analysis based on natural language processing

Most recent research has focused on analyzing the evolution of industrial spatial patterns [23]; however, few studies have analyzed industrial spatial patterns after having segmented industries. For this reason, the first step in our analysis is to construct the industry type domain knowledge base. Specifically, the word segmentation tool is used to separate the POI data and summarize the high-frequency keywords related to different industries through statistical software. Next, the research objectives are classified, and the middle-class industries [29] are subdivided according to the National Economic Industry Classification [30] in the National Standard of the People’s Republic of China GB/T 4754–2017. Next, the summarized keywords are classified according to different industry types. A knowledge base of industry type domains is formed, which is expressed as (d,c,l),(d,c,l),(d,c,l) …(d,c,l), where d represents the i-th semantically segmented keyword, c represents the i-th keyword category, and l represents the length of the i-th keyword.

Text classification algorithm based on Bayesian probability

To transform text into a data structure that can be processed by a computer, the text needs to be divided into semantic units. In this paper, the naive Bayes classifier with the forward maximum matching method is used. The naive Bayes classifier gives a probability evaluation to each successfully matched object in the POI name S. When a new POI name S is passed into the classifier, it outputs the most likely category c. Formula 1 shows the algorithm: For each continuous Chinese character keyword w in S, all keywords of category c in the knowledge base training data set are located, and the number of occurrences of keyword w in S (category c) is measured. Next, the total number of keywords in the knowledge base category c is calculated, as well as the ratio between the two above, and P(w|c) is obtained. For example, on the length L, if the probability P(w|c) of a certain category c is high, then the POI enterprise name is determined as a certain type c industry. If there are scenarios with the same classification probabilities, the L-1 length is calculated until specific industry categories are classified. Finally, the above classification results are combined with POI xy-coordinates in the geographic information database.

Measurement of manufacturing spatial pattern evolution based on the classification results

The hotspot detection method based on the density surface proposed by Zhang Haiping is used [31]. First, the kernel density estimation method is used to construct a density surface model for manufacturing POIs. After the heat surface is generated, the values of the density surface are generated, which are referred to as the focus statistics of the raster data. The neighborhood maximum values are then statistically analyzed to construct a surface of extreme pixel values. Thereafter, map algebra is used to perform an overlay calculation between the density and the extreme surfaces to identify the local maximum values. All the local maxima of the constructed density surface are then extracted by the POIs, and the density values corresponding to each value of the local maxima are obtained. Finally, all local maxima are graded following their density values, and the local maximum values of different density levels can be obtained [32].

Analysis of the driving forces of industrial evolution

Driving force analysis has long been an important analytical approach. When early geographers studied the driving forces of land use change, they used driving forces to refer to the main factors that lead to changes in land use patterns and divided them into natural physical factors and socio-economic factors [33, 34]. Driving force factors in current studies are often more broadly defined. Natural physical factors mainly include elevation, slope, climate, latitude, and longitude [35-38]; socio-economic factors include population, distance from urban boundaries, distance from roads and railways, road density, and other driving force types [35-42]. Various research methods are used, including geographic detectors and spatial regression models, logic regression models, and global Moran’s I. The research data are mainly derived from various statistical yearbooks, population and economic census data, and master plans in different periods.

Scale can have a substantial effect on the results; a scale excessively large reduces the ability to detect important small-scale patterns, whereas a scale too small prevents large-scale patterns from being detected [43, 44]. The landscan population data and GDP grid data are usually on the 1-km scale, and studies conducted on the 1-km grid are also commonly conducted at the provincial scale [45-47]. Thus, the classified distribution of different manufacturing industries was projected on a 1 km×1 km grid in this study, and the number of points of different types of manufacturing was counted in each grid. Higher numbers of points correspond to higher numbers of a certain type of industry somewhere in space. Thus, the evolution process of the industrial pattern is expressed by the difference in the spatial distribution of manufacturing in different periods. A positive difference indicates that a certain manufacturing industry has increased in a certain space, whereas a negative difference indicates the opposite. Finally, an ordinary least squares regression model is constructed according to various natural physical and socio-economic factors that may potentially affect industrial development (Eq 2): where △Y is the degree of change in the number of industries in each grid, and X represents the various factors that may potentially affect the development of manufacturing in each grid.

Case study

Study area and data collection

Jiangsu Province is a major manufacturing province that is located in the eastern coastal area of China and has a total area of approximately 107,200 km2. In 2020, Jiangsu’s per capita GDP reached USD $20,000, which was second only to municipalities directly under the Central Government of Beijing and Shanghai. It is an important part of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster and shows the highest level of comprehensive development in China [48] (Fig 1). The “Thirteenth Five-Year” Modern Industrial System Development Plan of Jiangsu Province noted that during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (2015–2020)” period, Jiangsu Province’s industrialization was in its middle and late stages, and the manufacturing industry has shown clear comparative advantages. In 2015, the province had more than 20 provincial-level advanced manufacturing bases, and the output value of leading industries, such as the electronics, machinery, petrochemical, metallurgy, textile, and light industries, reached a trillion RMB. The output value of the electronics, machinery, and textile industries ranked first in China. Emerging industries such as medicine are developing rapidly, and they have become some of the largest in China.

Fig 1

Distribution of manufacturing POIs in Jiangsu province in 2020.

(A) The position of Jiangsu province in China. (B) Number of manufacturing POIs in cities of Jiangsu province. (C) Distribution of manufacturing POIs in Jiangsu province. The maps were generated by ArcGIS 10.5 and were for illustrative purposes only.

Amap’s POI data in January 2015 and October 2020 (the numbers are 3,276,501 and 6,782,290, respectively) were obtained for Jiangsu Province, and the data were cleaned in SQL (the numbers after cleaning were 605,469 and 695,920, respectively). Afterwards, the domain knowledge base construction and classification methods were used to separate the manufacturing POIs in Jiangsu Province (214,452 and 233,289, respectively, after classification). We then obtained the distribution map of manufacturing POIs in Jiangsu Province in 2015 and 2020. The change in the number of manufacturing POIs in each city in Jiangsu Province in 2020 is shown in Fig 1.

Distribution pattern of various manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province based on POI natural language processing

According to the text classifying methods, the points in the geographic information database imported into the xy-coordinates of the POIs fall into the 1 km×1 km grid of Jiangsu Province. By deleting POIs with a name similarity greater than 60% in a grid, double counting of the same point in the grid was eliminated, and the seven major types of manufacturing space patterns were shown. A total of 2270 POIs in 230 grids were tested through field investigation. There were 2003 points with a correct rate of 0.88, among which 1831 points were classified correctly. The accuracy was 0.915, and the kappa coefficient was 0.872, which verified the reliability of the classification results. Figs 2 and 3 show the classification results of various manufacturing industries in 2015 and 2020, respectively.

Fig 2

Distribution pattern of various manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province in 2015.

Number of different industries in a 1 km×1 km projection grid in 2015. Hotspots in 2015 were calculated based on manufacturing POIs distribution. The maps were generated by ArcGIS 10.5 and were for illustrative purposes only.

Fig 3

Distribution pattern of various manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province in 2020.

Number of different industries in a 1 km×1 km projection grid in 2020. Hotspots in 2020 were calculated based on manufacturing POIs distribution. The maps were generated by ArcGIS 10.5 and were for illustrative purposes only.

The evolution of various manufacturing industries during the 13th five-year plan period in Jiangsu province

Based on the distribution maps of the seven types of manufacturing industries, the data in 2015 and 2020 can be used to superimpose the number and space of the industrial distributions of various manufacturing industries. At the same time, the density field hotspots of the seven industries in the two periods of data were created in ArcGIS to quantitatively measure the clustering locations of various manufacturing industries.

Research on the driving forces of the evolution of different manufacturing patterns in Jiangsu province

According to the analysis of the driving forces, manufacturing base, distance from cities and towns, population, GDP per capita, distance from railway stations, distance from industrial parks, and longitude were the driving factors examined in the analysis of the evolution of the manufacturing industry. Relevant data on driving force analysis factors in Jiangsu Province on a 1-km grid were collected. Table 1 shows various data sources and descriptive statistics. Using Eq (2), the correlations between the degree of change in each manufacturing industry and driving forces were determined (Table 2). All regression models were statistically significant (p < 0.001) and had adjusted R2 values ranging from 0.052 to 0.985. Multicollinearity among all regression models was low, and variance inflation factors were less than 1.574 [49-51]. The regression models suggest that various driving forces and related factors have contributed to the development of various manufacturing industries (Table 2).

Table 1

Data sources and descriptive statistics of various industry driving forces.

Type		Code	Variable Name	Calculation Method	Min	Max	Average	Std.
Dependent variables		△Ya	△TC	Calculation by grid increment	-47	124	0.03	0.847
		△Yb	△ME		-727	125	0.37	4.734
		△Yc	△WF		-173	19	-0.87	4.063
		△Yd	△AF		-26	27	-0.04	0.547
		△Ye	△MC		-38	328	0.55	2.798
		△Yf	△PM		-443	36	-0.64	3.203
		△Yg	△PP		-44	30	0.07	0.577
Control variables	Manufacturing base	X1a	2015 TC	The number of industries falling in each grid fishing net in 2015	0	609	0.47	3.603
		X1b	2015 ME		0	162	0.87	4.118
		X1c	2015 WF		0	22	0.06	0.422
		X1d	2015 AF		0	28	0.04	0.294
		X1e	2015 MC		0	328	0.60	2.850
		X1f	2015 PM		0	42	0.03	0.277
		X1g	2015 PP		0	30	0.09	0.546
Explanatory variables	Social Interaction	X2	Distance from town	After performing Euclidean distance analysis on the town boundary in GIS, a table is used to display the minimum value of the regional statistics, and the logarithm of the minimum distance from the town boundary is taken	0	10.367	6.836	3.133
		X3	Population	Population of Jiangsu province	0	253510	834.388	2.2
		X4	GDP per capita	Divide the total GDP(2015) by the population each grid	0	91719	77.774	519.101
	Social Interaction	X5	Distance from railway station	After performing Euclidean distance analysis on the station location in GIS, the minimum value of the regional statistics is displayed in a table, and the minimum value of the obtained distance from the high-speed rail station is taken as the logarithm	0	12.036	10.466	0.791
		X6	Distance from industrial park	After performing Euclidean distance analysis on the station location in GIS, the minimum value of the regional statistics is displayed in a table, and the minimum value of the obtained distance from the industrial park is taken as the logarithm	0	12.194	10.450	0.662
	Location	X7	Longitude gravity	Longitude of site location	116.371	121.901	119.440	1.026

Table 2

Regression analysis of industry driving forces.

Independent variable	Model of TC Industry	Model of ME Industry	Model of WF Industry	Model of AF Industry	Model of MC Industry	Model of PM Industry	Model of PP Industry
X 1	0.348****	0.617****	-0.161****	0.446****	0.997****	-0.025****	0.891****
X 2	-0.018****	0.033****	0.042****	0.067****	0.004****	0.083****	0.006****
X 3	-0.053****	-0.028****	-0.169****	-0.038****	-0.022****	-0.104****	-0.07****
X 4	-0.003	0.001	0.012****	0.009**	0.001	0.012****	0.002
X 5	0.031****	-0.02****	0.152****	0.036****	0.004****	0.111****	0.028****
X 6	-0.002	-0.009**	0.017****	0.007*	0	-0.014****	0.008****
X 7	-0.03****	-0.054****	-0.099****	0	0.001*	-0.077****	-0.002
Adjusted R²	0.119	0.372	0.123	0.193	0.985	0.052	0.764

Independent variables as defined in Table 1. ****, ***, **, and * indicate significance at the 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.

Discussion

Distribution of seven major types of manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province

The natural language processing algorithm proposed in this paper can realize the classification of POI names. By using different classification standards, the companies can be subdivided to varying degrees depending on the goals of the research, which aids research in large-scale economic geography with micro-level data. Using this method, the distribution characteristics of the seven major types of manufacturing in Jiangsu Province can be drawn (Figs 2 and 3). Among the low-end manufacturing industries, the AF, WF, and PP industries are distributed in both southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu, and the TC industry is mainly distributed in southern Jiangsu. Among the traditional manufacturing industries, the MC and ME industries are mainly distributed in central Jiangsu and southern Jiangsu. These two industries are also the largest in Jiangsu Province. The overall number of PM companies is small, and they are distributed in southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu, mainly in Nanjing, Suzhou, and Changzhou in southern Jiangsu.

Evolution of the seven types of manufacturing industries during the 13th five-year plan

Based on the two-phase manufacturing industry distribution pattern, the most obvious changes were observed for the ME, MC, and AF industries. The changes in PM, TC, and PP industries were not pronounced.

The overall distribution of the WF and AF industries was relatively scattered and slightly concentrated in southern Jiangsu; differences between urban and rural areas were small; and the distribution was contiguous. The number of hotspots in the WF industry decreased during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. The scale of Changzhou and Suzhou hotspots was lower at the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, and the number of industrial hotspots decreased. The number of hotspots in the AF industry remained stable. Among them, the values of Suqian hotspots increased, and the values of Nanjing and Suzhou hotspots declined. The AF industry migrated from southern Jiangsu to northern Jiangsu.

The MC industries are obviously concentrated in southern Jiangsu. The MC industry shifted to northern Jiangsu. New hotspots appeared in Xinghua, Taizhou in northern Jiangsu. The hotspots of Suzhou, Kunshan, and Wuxi in southern Jiangsu are expanding. Hotspots of Wuxi and Changzhou jointly formed a large-scale hotspot across administrative divisions. Hotspots merged in the mechatronics industry. Specifically, the two previously lower-level hotspots in Wuxi and Changzhou merged into higher-level hotspots. The level of Kunshan hotspots declined, and the level of Yangzhou hotspots increased. The overall trend in the MC industries shifted to the cities of Central and Northern Jiangsu. The difference in the central city was negative, and the number of enterprises decreased; the increase was obvious outside of the traditional central city, especially near the boundaries of administrative divisions.

Overall, the pattern of various manufacturing industries in Jiangsu Province exhibited the following characteristics. 1) Industrial hotspots across administrative divisions are becoming increasingly prominent in southern Jiangsu, especially in Changzhou and Wuxi. 2) The spatial concentration of leading manufacturing industries in Jiangsu Province is becoming increasingly pronounced. Among them, this feature is most obvious for the mechanical and MC industries. 3) All types of manufacturing industries in developed regions expand outward from the central city. The mechanical, electronic, and MC industries in the central city of Suzhou are decreasing, and the central city is expanding outward. The policy of Third Industry Priority is an important factor affecting this spatial pattern.

Driving forces of industrial development of different manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province during the 13th five-year plan

The TC, ME, AF, MC, and PP industries were positively correlated with the number of industries at the beginning of the period (Table 2); that is, greater numbers of original industries resulted in a greater number of new enterprises. The addition of the new WF industry and the new PM industry was not related to the original industries, which means that the overall changes in these industries were not significant. The goodness-of-fit of manufacturing base was the highest (0.997), indicating that manufacturing base is an extremely important driving force.

The ME, WF, AF, MC, PM, and PP industries were positively correlated with the distance from the town. The TC industry showed the opposite pattern. This makes sense given that the development of the TC industry requires a large amount of labor. The distribution of the TC industry around towns aids the acquisition of labor and access to markets.

All the industries were negatively correlated with population size, and most industries were positively correlated with the GDP per capita. Because manufacturing can release pollutants during the production process, manufacturing companies are typically distributed in urban fringe areas where population densities are lower. In addition, according to land rent theory and industrial location theory, lower prices and convenient transportation in urban fringe areas encourage the industrial use of large areas of land [52].

Transportation conditions are one of the important driving forces of manufacturing [53]. Wu Chuangqing [54] found that transportation infrastructure plays a significant role in promoting industrial agglomeration. The patterns of most types of manufacturing in this paper were consistent with this finding: specifically, the number of companies was positively correlated with proximity to railway stations. This makes sense given that most of these industries depend on transportation; thus, the convenience of transportation directly affects the income of enterprises.

The AF, WF, MC, and PP industries were positively correlated with industrial parks. Industrial parks provide a place for gatherings that promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure [55, 56]. However, the patterns differed among industries. The TC, ME, and PM industries were negatively correlated with industrial parks.

The shift in manufacturing from the coast to the inland is an important driving force in China [57]. In Jiangsu Province, the change in longitude is a manifestation of this driving force. The FC, ME, WF, and PM industries showed significant shifts from the coast to inland, such as Suzhou, Wuxi to Suqian, Xuzhou, and other places in western Jiangsu.

This paper proposes a research framework based on the driving forces of the spatial distribution of multiple industries. Quantitative analysis of the multiple characteristics that characterize the advantages of regional industrial development and the multiple factors that characterize the supporting conditions of regional development was conducted. Based on the analysis of the above driving factors, various industries in Jiangsu Province show obvious migration from southern Jiangsu to northern Jiangsu. This stems from the fact that the Jiangsu government deploys the Party Central Committee and the State Council on high-quality development and coordinated regional development. Consistent with the “Industrial Development and Transfer Guidance Catalog,” support for cities in northern Jiangsu and southern Jiangsu involves inter-regional industrial docking and transfer, which facilitates the balanced development of manufacturing in Jiangsu Province. In developed areas, the influence of industrial parks is slightly positive, which promoted the agglomeration of more industries. Therefore, in addition to some policy-oriented factors, the addition of industrial parks in Jiangsu Province also requires consideration of the type of industry, including whether it is an agglomeration industry, which would be more conducive to future development [19].

Conclusion

Based on Amap’s POI data, this paper proposes a method to analyze the evolution of the urban manufacturing industry based on natural language processing technology. Furthermore, the evolution of the spatial pattern of the manufacturing industry in Jiangsu Province during the 13th Five-Year Plan is studied. The main conclusions are as follows. 1) Through the acquisition of Amap’s POI data and the construction of the domain knowledge base, the industry type classification algorithm based on the natural language processing of POI names is proposed. The empirical test shows that the accuracy reached 95% and the kappa coefficient reaches 0.872. 2) The seven types of manufacturing industries, including the pulp and paper (PP) industry, metallurgical chemical (MC) industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing (PM) industry, machinery and electronics (ME) industry, wood furniture (WF) industry, textile clothing (TC) industry, and agricultural and food product processing (AF) industry, are drawn through a 1 km×1 km projection grid. Based on this, the analysis of the spatial pattern evolution of various manufacturing industries around the 13th Five-Year Plan period was carried out. The PP, PM, WF, and AF industries were distributed in both northern and southern Jiangsu. The MC, ME, and TC industries were mainly distributed in southern Jiangsu. 3) The manufacturing base was the significant driving factor leading to changes in the number of manufacturing companies within the TC, ME, AF, MC, and PP industries. The distance from towns had a positive effect on all industries except the TC industry. Population size had a negative effect on all industries. GDP per capita had a positive effect on the TC and PM industries. The distance from the railway station had a positive effect on all industries except the ME industry. The distance from industrial parks had a positive effect on the TC and PP industries. The longitude gravity had a negative effect on the TC, ME, WF, and PM industries.

The analytical method of examining manufacturing spatial pattern evolution based on big data and POI name classification proposed in this paper could be used to further subdivide the industrial spatial type and can accurately distinguish changes in micro-spatial patterns of the manufacturing industry, which differs from traditional methods. The industrial spatial evolution analysis method is more reasonable. This study provides new insight that could be used to guide the developed regions of the manufacturing industry, take advantage of regional advantages, and optimize the spatial layout of the manufacturing industry.

POI keyword and industry type knowledge base example.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.

POI data used in this study.

(CSV)

Click here for additional data file.

POI data in grids.

(ZIP)

Click here for additional data file.

26 Apr 2021

PONE-D-21-09214

Research on the Evolution and Driving Forces of the Manufacturing Industry during the “13th Five-Year Plan” Period in Jiangsu Province of China Based on Natural Language Processing

PLOS ONE

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Additional Editor Comments:

Reviewer 1

The research topic is interesting, but I think it falls short of publication standards for the following reasons.

1) Insufficient discussion in the introductory section, insufficient grasp of the frontiers of disciplinary development and the latest literature, and lack of citation of key literature. There is a lack of research review of domestic POI data in China.

2) The references are problematic, and it is suggested that the references should be revised according to a certain standard format. For example, the journal of publication in Ref. 22 is incorrectly labelled; it should be the Journal of Economic Geography, not the Journal of Environmental Science.

3) There is a lack of in-depth discussion of the uncertainty of the data and the errors in the results.

4) The paper uses 5km as the grid unit, which seems too large, and it is suggested that the authors further consider whether it could be made smaller.

5) There are many problems with the English language in the whole paper, and professional revision is recommended.

Reviewer 2

This article studies evolution and driving forces of the manufacturing industry based on A map's point of interest during the “13th Five-Year Plan” Period in Jiangsu Province of China. The article has complete content and accurate data, which could give some inspiration to the layout and optimization of Jiangsu’s manufacturing industry in the future. The specific problems are as follows:

(1) The literature reviews part in the introduction is relatively simple. Authors should review the literatures on the evolution and driving force of manufacturing industry and the application of big data interest points in the research of manufacturing industry.

(2)The selection of driving force index in this article is too simple. In addition to the factors such as the latitude and longitude, the degree of transportation convenience, and the distance from the city boundary, authors need to consider whether there are other important factors that affect the spatial distribution and evolution of manufacturing industry in Jiangsu Province

(3) The deep reasons for the spatial distribution and evolution of the major manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province are needed to be analyzed.

(4) The conclusion is too simple and not comprehensive. In addition, this article needs to summarize the conclusion about the spatial evolution of manufacturing industry.

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Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Does the manuscript provide a valid rationale for the proposed study, with clearly identified and justified research questions?

The research question outlined is expected to address a valid academic problem or topic and contribute to the base of knowledge in the field.

Reviewer #1: Partly

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

2. Is the protocol technically sound and planned in a manner that will lead to a meaningful outcome and allow testing the stated hypotheses?

The manuscript should describe the methods in sufficient detail to prevent undisclosed flexibility in the experimental procedure or analysis pipeline, including sufficient outcome-neutral conditions (e.g. necessary controls, absence of floor or ceiling effects) to test the proposed hypotheses and a statistical power analysis where applicable. As there may be aspects of the methodology and analysis which can only be refined once the work is undertaken, authors should outline potential assumptions and explicitly describe what aspects of the proposed analyses, if any, are exploratory.

Reviewer #1: Partly

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Is the methodology feasible and described in sufficient detail to allow the work to be replicable?

Descriptions of methods and materials in the protocol should be reported in sufficient detail for another researcher to reproduce all experiments and analyses. The protocol should describe the appropriate controls, sample size calculations, and replication needed to ensure that the data are robust and reproducible.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors described where all data underlying the findings will be made available when the study is complete?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception, at the time of publication. The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above and, if applicable, provide comments about issues authors must address before this protocol can be accepted for publication. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about research or publication ethics.

You may also provide optional suggestions and comments to authors that they might find helpful in planning their study.

(Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The research topic is interesting, but I think it falls short of publication standards for the following reasons.

1) Insufficient discussion in the introductory section, insufficient grasp of the frontiers of disciplinary development and the latest literature, and lack of citation of key literature. There is a lack of research review of domestic POI data in China.

2) The references are problematic, and it is suggested that the references should be revised according to a certain standard format. For example, the journal of publication in Ref. 22 is incorrectly labelled; it should be the Journal of Economic Geography, not the Journal of Environmental Science.

3) There is a lack of in-depth discussion of the uncertainty of the data and the errors in the results.

4) The paper uses 5km as the grid unit, which seems too large, and it is suggested that the authors further consider whether it could be made smaller.

5) There are many problems with the English language in the whole paper, and professional revision is recommended.

Reviewer #2: This article studies evolution and driving forces of the manufacturing industry based on A map's point of interest during the “13th Five-Year Plan” Period in Jiangsu Province of China. The article has complete content and accurate data, which could give some inspiration to the layout and optimization of Jiangsu’s manufacturing industry in the future. The specific problems are as follows:

(1) The literature reviews part in the introduction is relatively simple. Authors should review the literatures on the evolution and driving force of manufacturing industry and the application of big data interest points in the research of manufacturing industry.

(2)The selection of driving force index in this article is too simple. In addition to the factors such as the latitude and longitude, the degree of transportation convenience, and the distance from the city boundary, authors need to consider whether there are other important factors that affect the spatial distribution and evolution of manufacturing industry in Jiangsu Province

(3) The deep reasons for the spatial distribution and evolution of the major manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province are needed to be analyzed.

(4) The conclusion is too simple and not comprehensive. In addition, this article needs to summarize the conclusion about the spatial evolution of manufacturing industry.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

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Reviewer #1: Yes: Xue Bing

Reviewer #2: No

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12 Jun 2021

Dear Editor,

Thank you for your comments and feedback. We have revised the article to ensure that it meets PLOS ONE's style requirements. Figs 1–3 were generated by ArcGIS 10.5 and were for illustrative purposes only. Below, we describe in detail how we have addressed each comment.

Sincerely,

Fan Chenjing

Associate Professor in Urban Planning, Nanjing Forestry University

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=--=-=-=-=-=-

Authors’ Responses to Referees’ Comments

(authors’ responses to each comment below noted by red text)

Reviewer #1

Comment 1: Insufficient discussion in the introductory section, insufficient grasp of the frontiers of disciplinary development and the latest literature, and lack of citation of key literature. There is a lack of research review of domestic POI data in China.

Response: Thank you for this suggestion. We have reorganized the content of the abstract and added several citations to the first paragraph, especially studies of domestic and international research on POI and research on industry driving forces. We have also added a paragraph that summarizes current research progress.

Comment 2: The references are problematic, and it is suggested that the references should be revised according to a certain standard format. For example, the journal of publication in Ref. 22 is incorrectly labelled; it should be the Journal of Economic Geography, not the Journal of Environmental Science.

Response: Thank you for this comment. We have ensured that the format of the references is in line with the journal guidelines.

There is a lack of in-depth discussion of the uncertainty of the data and the errors in the results.

Comment 3: There is a lack of in-depth discussion of the uncertainty of the data and the errors in the results.

Response: Discussion of POI data uncertainty and error was not included in our second and third paragraphs. Through field investigations and the Baidu map Street view map, 2270 POIs in 230 grids were tested. There were 2003 points with a correct rate of 0.88, among which 1831 points were classified correctly with an accuracy of 0.915, and the kappa coefficient was 0.872, which verified the reliability of the classification results.

Comment 4: The paper uses 5km as the grid unit, which seems too large, and it is suggested that the authors further consider whether it could be made smaller.

Response: Thank you for your suggestion. Using 5km as a grid unit can represent geographic clustering, but it is indeed too large, especially in the context of other driving force data with more fine-scale data. According to the accuracy of the landscan population data, we have re-scaled Jiangsu Province and converted it to a 1km*1km grid for research. There are many documents showing that this scale is suitable for provincial-level research(MA Yuqi, ZHU Xiufang, LIU Xianfeng, LU Nan. A population spatialization method based on DMSP/OLS night-time light data and weighted multi-geographic factors: the example of Liaoning Province, YANG Xuchao, GAO Dawei, DING Mingjun, LIU Linshan. Modeling Population Density Using Multi-sensor Remote Sensing Data and DEM: A Case Study of Zhejiang Province, XIONG Junnan, WEI Fangqiang, SU Pengcheng, JIANG Yuhong. Research on GDP Spatialization Approach of Sichuan Province Supported by Multi-source Data). We found that the adjusted R2 of some industries (e.g., MC industry) was significantly improved.

The revised text relevant to this comment is located in the Case Study and Conclusion sections of the manuscript.

Comment 5:There are many problems with the English language in the whole paper, and professional revision is recommended.

Response: Thank you for this suggestion. The text has been edited by a Native English Language Editor.

Reviewer #2

Comment 1: The literature reviews part in the introduction is relatively simple. Authors should review the literatures on the evolution and driving force of manufacturing industry and the application of big data interest points in the research of manufacturing industry.

Response: See the response to Comment 1 of Reviewer #1.

Comment 2: The selection of driving force index in this article is too simple. In addition to the factors such as the latitude and longitude, the degree of transportation convenience, and the distance from the city boundary, authors need to consider whether there are other important factors that affect the spatial distribution and evolution of manufacturing industry in Jiangsu Province.

Response: Thank you for this suggestion. We have reorganized the discussion of the factors affecting industry. We have also incorporated industrial parks, nature reserves, and GDP per capita in the regression analysis, and this is now mentioned in the Case Study section.

Comment 3:The deep reasons for the spatial distribution and evolution of the major manufacturing industries in Jiangsu province are needed to be analyzed.

Comment 4: The conclusion is too simple and not comprehensive. In addition, this article needs to summarize the conclusion about the spatial evolution of manufacturing industry.

Response: In the regression analysis of the driving forces, we added other factors that might be important, such as industrial parks, nature reserves, and water bodies. In the Case Study, we also considered the effect of policy factors in driving the evolution of industry in Jiangsu Province.

2 Aug 2021

Research on the Evolution and Driving Forces of the Manufacturing Industry during the “13th Five-Year Plan” Period in Jiangsu Province of China Based on Natural Language Processing

PONE-D-21-09214R1

Dear Dr. Fan,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

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If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Jun Yang

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Accept

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Does the manuscript provide a valid rationale for the proposed study, with clearly identified and justified research questions?

The research question outlined is expected to address a valid academic problem or topic and contribute to the base of knowledge in the field.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

2. Is the protocol technically sound and planned in a manner that will lead to a meaningful outcome and allow testing the stated hypotheses?

The manuscript should describe the methods in sufficient detail to prevent undisclosed flexibility in the experimental procedure or analysis pipeline, including sufficient outcome-neutral conditions (e.g. necessary controls, absence of floor or ceiling effects) to test the proposed hypotheses and a statistical power analysis where applicable. As there may be aspects of the methodology and analysis which can only be refined once the work is undertaken, authors should outline potential assumptions and explicitly describe what aspects of the proposed analyses, if any, are exploratory.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Is the methodology feasible and described in sufficient detail to allow the work to be replicable?

Descriptions of methods and materials in the protocol should be reported in sufficient detail for another researcher to reproduce all experiments and analyses. The protocol should describe the appropriate controls, sample size calculations, and replication needed to ensure that the data are robust and reproducible.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors described where all data underlying the findings will be made available when the study is complete?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception, at the time of publication. The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above and, if applicable, provide comments about issues authors must address before this protocol can be accepted for publication. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about research or publication ethics.

You may also provide optional suggestions and comments to authors that they might find helpful in planning their study.

(Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: the authors have made progressive revisions, there is no further comments from my side, i think it could be accepted after minor revison on grammar mistakes.

Reviewer #2: An interesting and valuable study protocol, I do not have much too many comments about the studies, and the manuscript is suitable for publication.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: Yes: Bing Xue

Reviewer #2: No

9 Aug 2021

PONE-D-21-09214R1

Research on the Evolution and Driving Forces of the Manufacturing Industry during the “13th Five-Year Plan” Period in Jiangsu Province of China Based on Natural Language Processing

Dear Dr. Fan:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

If we can help with anything else, please email us at plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access.

Kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Jun Yang

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE