Yi-Xin Wang1, Siwen Wang1, Makiko Mitsunami1, JoAnn E Manson2,3, Janet W Rich-Edwards3,4, Liang Wang5, Cuilin Zhang6, Jorge E Chavarro7,8,9. 1. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 2. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 4. Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 5. Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA. 6. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 7. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. jchavarr@hsph.harvard.edu. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. jchavarr@hsph.harvard.edu. 9. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. jchavarr@hsph.harvard.edu.
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Menstrual cycle dysfunction has been associated with many endocrine-related diseases, but evidence linking menstrual cycle dysfunction with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is scant. The current study investigated the association of pre-pregnancy menstrual cycle regularity and length during adolescence, early adulthood and mid-adulthood with the subsequent risk of GDM. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2009, we followed 10,906 premenopausal women participating in the Nurses' Health Study II who reported menstrual cycle characteristics during adolescence (age 14-17 years), early adulthood (age 18-22 years) and mid-adulthood (age 29-46 years). Incident GDM was ascertained from a self-reported questionnaire regarding physician diagnosis. Log-binomial models with generalised estimating equations were used to estimate the RRs and 95% CI for the associations between menstrual cycle characteristics and GDM. RESULTS: We documented 578 incident cases of GDM among 14,418 pregnancies over a 16 year follow-up. After adjusting for potential confounders, women reporting always having irregular menstrual cycles during mid-adulthood had a 65% (95% CI 21, 125%) higher risk of GDM than women reporting very regular cycles. GDM risk was also greater among women reporting that their cycles were usually ≥32 days during mid-adulthood, compared with women reporting cycles between 26 and 31 days (RR 1.42 [95% CI 1.15, 1.75]). The risk of GDM was greater for women whose cycles changed from regular early in their reproductive years to irregular or from <32 days to ≥32 days during mid-adulthood, compared with women whose cycles remained <32 days or regular, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Women whose cycles were long or irregular during mid-adulthood, but not in adolescence or young adulthood, were at higher risk of GDM.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Menstrual cycle dysfunction has been associated with many endocrine-related diseases, but evidence linking menstrual cycle dysfunction with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is scant. The current study investigated the association of pre-pregnancy menstrual cycle regularity and length during adolescence, early adulthood and mid-adulthood with the subsequent risk of GDM. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2009, we followed 10,906 premenopausal women participating in the Nurses' Health Study II who reported menstrual cycle characteristics during adolescence (age 14-17 years), early adulthood (age 18-22 years) and mid-adulthood (age 29-46 years). Incident GDM was ascertained from a self-reported questionnaire regarding physician diagnosis. Log-binomial models with generalised estimating equations were used to estimate the RRs and 95% CI for the associations between menstrual cycle characteristics and GDM. RESULTS: We documented 578 incident cases of GDM among 14,418 pregnancies over a 16 year follow-up. After adjusting for potential confounders, women reporting always having irregular menstrual cycles during mid-adulthood had a 65% (95% CI 21, 125%) higher risk of GDM than women reporting very regular cycles. GDM risk was also greater among women reporting that their cycles were usually ≥32 days during mid-adulthood, compared with women reporting cycles between 26 and 31 days (RR 1.42 [95% CI 1.15, 1.75]). The risk of GDM was greater for women whose cycles changed from regular early in their reproductive years to irregular or from <32 days to ≥32 days during mid-adulthood, compared with women whose cycles remained <32 days or regular, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Women whose cycles were long or irregular during mid-adulthood, but not in adolescence or young adulthood, were at higher risk of GDM.
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