5. New approaches to the management of flail chest.

Although continuous positive-pressure ventilation (internal pneumatic fixation) was a great advance in the treatment of flail chest and is now the standard treatment of this condition, early and late complications related to tracheostomy and long-term ventilation are associated with this method. These complications can be avoided by use of three recently adopted techniques--expectant therapy, intermittent mandatory ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, and early surgical stabilization of fractures. All patients should continue to be treated in intensive care units so that impending respiratory failure can be identified and treated. These newer forms of therapy not only have the advantages of avoiding complications inherent in tracheostomy and prolonged ventilation, but also decrease the length of hospital stay and expense of treatment.