RNA impacts formation of biomolecular condensates in the nucleus.

Biomolecular condensates are membrane-less compartments that are formed through an assembly of proteins and nucleic acids in the cell. Dysregulation of biological condensates has been implicated in diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is known to affect the assembly of proteins in vitro, if and how RNA is involved in regulating biomolecular condensates in cells is not well investigated. Here we examined two nuclear proteins, FUS and HP1α, in which RNA was found to have an opposite contribution for the assembly of these proteins. Reduction of nuclear RNA, by inhibiting the transcription, triggered assembly of FUS that had been distributed in the nucleoplasm, whereas it dispersed spontaneously formed HP1α assembly. Notably, the cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions in HP1α promoted its assembly formation. These transcription inhibitor experiments are versatile to examine diverse roles of nuclear RNA in regulating biomolecular condensates, in both physiological and pathological conditions.