Ravindranath Tiruvoipati1,2, Ary Serpa Neto2, Marcus Young3, Nada Marhoon3, John Wilson4, Sachin Gupta1,2, David Pilcher2,5, Michael Bailey2,6, Rinaldo Bellomo2,3,6. 1. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 2. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Peninsula Clinical School, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 3. Department of Intensive Care, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. 4. Peninsula Health Informatics, Frankston Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 5. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and. 6. Data Analytics Research and Evaluation, the University of Melbourne and Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract
Rationale: Hypercapnia may affect the outcome of sepsis. Very few clinical studies conducted in noncritically ill patients have investigated the effects of hypercapnia and hypercapnic acidemia in the context of sepsis. The effect of hypercapnia in critically ill patients with sepsis remains inadequately studied. Objectives: To investigate the association of hypercapnia with hospital mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in three tertiary public hospitals. Critically ill patients with sepsis from three intensive care units between January 2011 and May 2019 were included. Five cohorts (exposure of at least 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 hours) were created to account for immortal time bias and informative censoring. The association between hypercapnia exposure and hospital mortality was assessed with multivariable models. Subgroup analyses compared ventilated versus nonventilated and pulmonary versus nonpulmonary sepsis patients. Results: We analyzed 84,819 arterial carbon dioxide pressure measurements in 3,153 patients (57.6% male; median age was 62.5 years). After adjustment for key confounders, both in mechanically ventilated and nonventilated patients and in patients with pulmonary or nonpulmonary sepsis, there was no independent association of hypercapnia with hospital mortality. In contrast, in ventilated patients, the presence of prolonged exposure to both hypercapnia and acidemia was associated with increased mortality (highest odds ratio of 16.5 for ⩾120 hours of potential exposure; P = 0.007). Conclusions: After adjustment, isolated hypercapnia was not associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis, whereas prolonged hypercapnic acidemia was associated with increased risk of mortality. These hypothesis-generating observations suggest that as hypercapnia is not an independent risk factor for mortality, trials of permissive hypercapnia avoiding or minimizing acidemia in sepsis may be safe.
Rationale: Hypercapnia may affect the outcome of sepsis. Very few clinical studies conducted in noncritically ill patients have investigated the effects of hypercapnia and hypercapnic acidemia in the context of sepsis. The effect of hypercapnia in critically ill patients with sepsis remains inadequately studied. Objectives: To investigate the association of hypercapnia with hospital mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in three tertiary public hospitals. Critically ill patients with sepsis from three intensive care units between January 2011 and May 2019 were included. Five cohorts (exposure of at least 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 hours) were created to account for immortal time bias and informative censoring. The association between hypercapnia exposure and hospital mortality was assessed with multivariable models. Subgroup analyses compared ventilated versus nonventilated and pulmonary versus nonpulmonary sepsis patients. Results: We analyzed 84,819 arterial carbon dioxide pressure measurements in 3,153 patients (57.6% male; median age was 62.5 years). After adjustment for key confounders, both in mechanically ventilated and nonventilated patients and in patients with pulmonary or nonpulmonary sepsis, there was no independent association of hypercapnia with hospital mortality. In contrast, in ventilated patients, the presence of prolonged exposure to both hypercapnia and acidemia was associated with increased mortality (highest odds ratio of 16.5 for ⩾120 hours of potential exposure; P = 0.007). Conclusions: After adjustment, isolated hypercapnia was not associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis, whereas prolonged hypercapnic acidemia was associated with increased risk of mortality. These hypothesis-generating observations suggest that as hypercapnia is not an independent risk factor for mortality, trials of permissive hypercapnia avoiding or minimizing acidemia in sepsis may be safe.