Effects of empagliflozin on erythropoiesis in patients with type 2 diabetes: Data from a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to significantly reduce hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in various CV outcome trials in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). SGLT2 inhibition further increased haemoglobin and haematocrit levels by an as yet unknown mechanism, and this increase has been shown to be an independent predictor of the CV benefit of these agents, for example, in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. The present analysis of the EMPA haemodynamic study examined the early and delayed effects of empagliflozin treatment on haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, in addition to measures of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, to better understand the underlying mechanisms. In this prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, two-arm parallel, interventional and exploratory study, 44 patients with T2D were randomized into two groups and received empagliflozin 10 mg or placebo for a period of 3 months in addition to their concomitant medication. Blood and urine was collected at baseline, on Day 1, on Day 3 and after 3 months of treatment to investigate effects on haematological variables, erythropoietin concentrations and indices of iron stores. Baseline characteristics were comparable in the empagliflozin (n = 20) and placebo (n = 22) group. Empagliflozin led to a significant increase in urinary glucose excretion (baseline: 7.3 ± 22.7 g/24 h; Day 1: 48.4 ± 34.7 g/24 h; P < 0.001) as well as urinary volume (baseline: 1740 ± 601 mL/24 h; Day 1: 2112 ± 837 mL/24 h; P = 0.011) already after 1 day and throughout the 3-month study period, while haematocrit and haemoglobin were only increased after 3 months of treatment (haematocrit: baseline: 40.6% ± 4.6%; Month 3: 42.2% ±  4.8%, P < 0.001; haemoglobin: baseline: 136 ± 19 g/L; Month 3: 142 ± 25 g/L; P = 0.008). In addition, after 3 months, empagliflozin further increased red blood cell count (P < 0.001) and transferrin concentrations (P = 0.063) and there was a trend toward increased erythropoietin levels (P = 0.117), while ferritin (P = 0.017), total iron (P = 0.053) and transferrin saturation levels (P = 0.030) decreased. Interestingly, the increase in urinary glucose excretion significantly correlated with the induction of erythropoietin in empagliflozin-treated patients at the 3-month timepoint (Spearman rho 0.64; P = 0.008). Empagliflozin increased haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit with a delayed time kinetic, which was most likely attributable to increased erythropoiesis with augmented iron utilization and not haemoconcentration. This might be attributable to reduced tubular glucose reabsorption in response to SGLT2 inhibition, possibly resulting in diminished cellular stress as a mechanism for increased renal erythropoietin secretion.