Viral Proteins Recognized by Different TLRs.

Virus invasion activates the host's innate immune response, inducing the production of numerous cytokines and interferons to eliminate the pathogens. Except for viral DNA/RNA, viral proteins are also target of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Membrane-bound receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR10 relate to the recognition of viral proteins. Distinct TLRs perform both protective and detrimental roles to specific virus. Here, we review viral proteins serving as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their corresponding Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These viruses are all enveloped, including respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis C virus, measles virus, herpesvirus human immunodeficiency virus and coronavirus, which can encode proteins to activate innate immunity in a TLR-dependent way. TLR-viral protein relationship plays an important role in innate immunity activation. A detailed understanding of their pathways contributes to novel direction for vaccine development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.