Treatment Patterns, Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Costs of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Real-World Evaluation in Italy.

We aimed at describing treatment pathways, clinical outcomes and healthcare costs of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in Lombardy Region, Italy. Using healthcare administrative data, 37,562 patients with a new diagnosis of lung cancer between 2012 and 2019 were identified. Among these, patients who started a first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC with either pembrolizumab (n = 660) or tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) (n = 1245) before 30 June 2020 were included in the study cohort and followed-up until 31 December 2020. Among pembrolizumab users, median time-to-treatment failure (TTF) and median overall survival (OS) were 3.2 months and 13.6 months, respectively. About one third (34.1%) switched to second-line treatment (chemotherapy for all of them). Among TKI users, median TTF and median OS were 9.3 months and 18.4 months, respectively, and 37.1% of patients started second-line treatment (17.8% with TKI and 19.2% with chemotherapy). Average per-patient cumulative healthcare costs during the first year after first-line treatment start were 51,735 € and 30,708 €, respectively, in pembrolizumab and TKI first-line users. These results are coherent with those reported from other real--world studies and may help both clinicians and health decision makers.