Epidemiology, diversity, and management of bacterial spot of tomato caused by Xanthomonas perforans.

Tomato is an important crop grown worldwide. Various plant diseases cause massive losses in tomato plants due to diverse biotic agents. Bacterial spot of tomato (BST) is a worldwide disease that results in high losses in processed and fresh tomato. Xanthomonas perforans, an aerobic, single-flagellated, rod-shaped, Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium, is one of the leading causes of BST. Over the past three decades, X. perforans has increasingly been reported from tomato-growing regions and became a major bacterial disease. X. perforans thrives under high humidity and high temperature, which is commonplace in tropical and subtropical climates. Distinguishing symptoms of BST are necrotic lesions that can coalesce and cause a shot-hole appearance. X. perforans can occasionally cause fruit symptoms depending on disease pressure during fruit development. Short-distance movement in the field is mainly dependent on wind-driven rain, whereas long distance movement occurs through contaminated seed or plant material. X. perforans harbors a suite of effectors that increase pathogen virulence, fitness, and dissemination. BST management mainly relies on copper-based compounds; however, resistance is widespread. Alternative compounds, such as nanomaterials, are currently being evaluated and show high potential for BST management. Resistance breeding remains difficult to attain due to limited resistant germplasm. While the increased genetic diversity and gain and loss of effectors in X. perforans limits the success of single-gene resistance, the adoption of effector-specific transgenes and quantitative resistance may lead to durable host resistance. However, further research that aims to more effectively implement novel management tools is required to curb disease spread. KEY POINTS: • Xanthomonas perforans causes bacterial spot on tomato epidemics through infected seedlings and movement of plant material. • Genetic diversity plays a major role in shaping populations which is evident in loss and gain of effectors. • Management relies on copper sprays, but nanoparticles are a promising alternative to reduce copper toxicity.