Bruna Menezes1, Izabel Alves2, Keli Staudt2, Betina Beltrame3, Lessandra Michelin4, Bibiana Verlindo de Araújo2, Leandro Tasso5,6. 1. Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil. 2. Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 3. Curso de Farmácia, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil. 4. Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, Caxias do Sul, 1130, 95070-560, Brazil. 5. Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil. ltasso@ucs.br. 6. Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, Caxias do Sul, 1130, 95070-560, Brazil. ltasso@ucs.br.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of daptomycin against methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRSA and MRSE) bacteremia using computer modeling. METHODS: A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling strategy to explain the data from an in vitro dynamic model employing time-kill curves for MRSA and MRSE was proposed. Bacterial killing was followed over time by determining viable counts and the resulting time-kill data was analyzed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic data to determine the probabilities of target attainment and cumulative fractions of response in terms of area under the concentration curve/minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) targets of daptomycin. Simulations were conducted to assess the reduction in the number of colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for 18 days of treatment with daptomycin at doses of 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg/24 h or 48 h with variations in creatinine clearance (CLCR): 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2, 30-49 mL/min/1.73 m2, 50-100 mL/min/1.73 m2, as well as for defining the probability of reaching the target fAUC/MIC = 80 in the same dose and clearance range. A PK/PD model with saturation in the number of bacteria in vitro, growth delay, and bacterial death, as well as Hill's factor, was used to describe the data for both MRSA and MRSE. RESULTS: Monte Carlo simulations showed that for MRSA there was a reduction > 2 log CFU/mL with doses ≥ 6 mg/kg/day in 75th percentile of the simulated population after 18 days of treatment with daptomycin, whereas for MRSE this reduction was observed in 95th percentile of the population. CONCLUSIONS: The presented in vitro PK/PD model and associated modeling approach were able to characterize the time-kill kinetics of MRSA and MRSE. Our study based on PTAs suggests that doses ≥ 6 mg/kg/day of daptomycin should be used to treat bacteremia caused by MRSA and MRSE in patients with CLCR of 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2. For patients with CLCR ≥ 50 mL/min/1.73 m2, it would be necessary to employ a dose of 10 mg/kg/day to treat complicated bacteremias.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of daptomycin against methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRSA and MRSE) bacteremia using computer modeling. METHODS: A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling strategy to explain the data from an in vitro dynamic model employing time-kill curves for MRSA and MRSE was proposed. Bacterial killing was followed over time by determining viable counts and the resulting time-kill data was analyzed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic data to determine the probabilities of target attainment and cumulative fractions of response in terms of area under the concentration curve/minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) targets of daptomycin. Simulations were conducted to assess the reduction in the number of colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for 18 days of treatment with daptomycin at doses of 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg/24 h or 48 h with variations in creatinine clearance (CLCR): 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2, 30-49 mL/min/1.73 m2, 50-100 mL/min/1.73 m2, as well as for defining the probability of reaching the target fAUC/MIC = 80 in the same dose and clearance range. A PK/PD model with saturation in the number of bacteria in vitro, growth delay, and bacterial death, as well as Hill's factor, was used to describe the data for both MRSA and MRSE. RESULTS: Monte Carlo simulations showed that for MRSA there was a reduction > 2 log CFU/mL with doses ≥ 6 mg/kg/day in 75th percentile of the simulated population after 18 days of treatment with daptomycin, whereas for MRSE this reduction was observed in 95th percentile of the population. CONCLUSIONS: The presented in vitro PK/PD model and associated modeling approach were able to characterize the time-kill kinetics of MRSA and MRSE. Our study based on PTAs suggests that doses ≥ 6 mg/kg/day of daptomycin should be used to treat bacteremia caused by MRSA and MRSE in patients with CLCR of 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2. For patients with CLCR ≥ 50 mL/min/1.73 m2, it would be necessary to employ a dose of 10 mg/kg/day to treat complicated bacteremias.