Cong Peng1, Pan Li2, Mingqiang Yang2, Danyang Chen2, Yuanfeng Huang3. 1. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China. 2. Caner Research Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China. 3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality in China, among which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80%. Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted therapy has been playing an important role in treatment of NSCLC. However, unavoidable therapeutic resistance significantly limits the clinical efficacy of EGFR-TKI. As a key member of the forkhead box protein family, FOXC1 is aberrantly expressed in NSCLC and involved in NSCLC progression. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of FOXC1 on gefitinib resistance in NSCLC. METHODS: Western blot was performed to assess the expression of FOXC1 protein in HCC827/GR cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were performed in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance. HCC827/GR cells were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting FOXC1 mRNA and stable cell lines were established. The effects of FOXC1 on cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed using a new methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTS assay) and flow cytometry. Self-renewal ability was determined by mammosphere-formation analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were employed to detect the expression of SOX2, Nanog, OCT4 and CD133. Flow cytometry analysis were further used to detect the level of CD133. IHC assays were used to detect the levels of SOX2 and CD133 in NSCLC tissues with genfitiinb resistance. Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other in lung adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. RESULTS: The expression of FOXC1 is significantly increased in HCC827/GR cells compared with HCC827 cells (P<0.05). IHC results showed FOXC1 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resisitance. Knockdown of FOXC1 significantly increased the sensitivity of HCC827/GR cells to gefitinib. The cell viability was decreased and the apoptosis was promoted (P<0.05). Moreover, FOXC1 knockdown apparently inhibited the expression of SOX2 and CD133, and decreased the mammosphere-formation capacity in HCC827/GR cells. In NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance, the expressions of SOX2 and CD133 were significantly higher compared with gefitinib-sensitive tissues (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other were positively correlated (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: FOXC1 could increase gefitinib resitance in NSCLC, by which mechanism is related to the regulation of cancer stem cell properties.
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality in China, among which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80%. Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted therapy has been playing an important role in treatment of NSCLC. However, unavoidable therapeutic resistance significantly limits the clinical efficacy of EGFR-TKI. As a key member of the forkhead box protein family, FOXC1 is aberrantly expressed in NSCLC and involved in NSCLC progression. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of FOXC1 on gefitinib resistance in NSCLC. METHODS: Western blot was performed to assess the expression of FOXC1 protein in HCC827/GR cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were performed in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance. HCC827/GR cells were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting FOXC1 mRNA and stable cell lines were established. The effects of FOXC1 on cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed using a new methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTS assay) and flow cytometry. Self-renewal ability was determined by mammosphere-formation analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were employed to detect the expression of SOX2, Nanog, OCT4 and CD133. Flow cytometry analysis were further used to detect the level of CD133. IHC assays were used to detect the levels of SOX2 and CD133 in NSCLC tissues with genfitiinb resistance. Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other in lung adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. RESULTS: The expression of FOXC1 is significantly increased in HCC827/GR cells compared with HCC827 cells (P<0.05). IHC results showed FOXC1 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resisitance. Knockdown of FOXC1 significantly increased the sensitivity of HCC827/GR cells to gefitinib. The cell viability was decreased and the apoptosis was promoted (P<0.05). Moreover, FOXC1 knockdown apparently inhibited the expression of SOX2 and CD133, and decreased the mammosphere-formation capacity in HCC827/GR cells. In NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance, the expressions of SOX2 and CD133 were significantly higher compared with gefitinib-sensitive tissues (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other were positively correlated (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: FOXC1 could increase gefitinib resitance in NSCLC, by which mechanism is related to the regulation of cancer stem cell properties.
Entities:
Keywords:
Cancer stem cells; FOXC1; Gefitinib resistance; Lung neoplasms
FOXC1在吉非替尼耐药细胞和组织中高表达。A: MTS实验检测HCC827/GR细胞的增殖能力(*P < 0.05);B: Western blot检测FOXC1在HCC827/GR细胞的表达情况; C: 免疫组化检测FOXC1在NSCLC吉非替尼耐药组织中的表达情况; D: 箱线图分析FOXC1在NSCLC耐药组织表达的得分情况。
FOXC1 is over-expressed in HCC827/GR cells and human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib-resistance. A: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability of HCC827/GR cells (*P < 0.05); B: Western blot was used to detect FOXC1 expression in HCC827/GR cells; C: IHC assays were performed in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance; D: Box-plot showed that FOXC1 expression scores in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance.
FOXC1在吉非替尼耐药细胞和组织中高表达。A: MTS实验检测HCC827/GR细胞的增殖能力(*P < 0.05);B: Western blot检测FOXC1在HCC827/GR细胞的表达情况; C: 免疫组化检测FOXC1在NSCLC吉非替尼耐药组织中的表达情况; D: 箱线图分析FOXC1在NSCLC耐药组织表达的得分情况。FOXC1 is over-expressed in HCC827/GR cells and human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib-resistance. A: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability of HCC827/GR cells (*P < 0.05); B: Western blot was used to detect FOXC1 expression in HCC827/GR cells; C: IHC assays were performed in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance; D: Box-plot showed that FOXC1 expression scores in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance.
干扰FOXC1增加HCC827/GR细胞对吉非替尼的敏感性。A: Western blot验证FOXC1的干扰效果; B: MTS实验检测干扰FOXC1对HCC827/GR细胞增殖能力的影响(*P < 0.05);C: HCC827/GR细胞IC50值的计算(**P < 0.01);D: Western blot验证FOXC1的过表达效果; E: MTS实验检测过表达FOXC1对HCC827细胞增殖能力的影响(*P < 0.05);F: HCC827细胞IC50值的计算(**P < 0.01)。
Knockdown of FOXC1 increased gefitinib sensitivity of HCC827/GR cells. A: Western blot was used to detect the interference effect of FOXC1 shRNA; B: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability of HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown (*P < 0.05); C: The IC50 of HCC827/GR cells were calculated (**P < 0.01); D: Western blot was used to detect the expression of FOXC1; E: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability of FOXC1-overexpressing HCC827 cells (*P < 0.05); F: The IC50 of HCC827 cells were calculated (**P < 0.01). MTS: Methyl-thiazolyldiphenyl-sulfophenyl-tetrazolium bromide; IC50: 50% inhibitory concentration.
干扰FOXC1增加HCC827/GR细胞对吉非替尼的敏感性。A: Western blot验证FOXC1的干扰效果; B: MTS实验检测干扰FOXC1对HCC827/GR细胞增殖能力的影响(*P < 0.05);C: HCC827/GR细胞IC50值的计算(**P < 0.01);D: Western blot验证FOXC1的过表达效果; E: MTS实验检测过表达FOXC1对HCC827细胞增殖能力的影响(*P < 0.05);F: HCC827细胞IC50值的计算(**P < 0.01)。Knockdown of FOXC1 increased gefitinib sensitivity of HCC827/GR cells. A: Western blot was used to detect the interference effect of FOXC1 shRNA; B: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability of HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown (*P < 0.05); C: The IC50 of HCC827/GR cells were calculated (**P < 0.01); D: Western blot was used to detect the expression of FOXC1; E: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability of FOXC1-overexpressing HCC827 cells (*P < 0.05); F: The IC50 of HCC827 cells were calculated (**P < 0.01). MTS: Methyl-thiazolyldiphenyl-sulfophenyl-tetrazolium bromide; IC50: 50% inhibitory concentration.
Knockdown of FOXC1 increased gefitinib-induced cell apoptosis of HCC827/GR cells. A: The effect of FOXC1 knockdown in HCC827/GR cells on apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry; B: The histogram analysis showed the proportion of apoptosis cells (*P < 0.05).
干扰FOXC1增加吉非替尼诱导的HCC827/GR细胞凋亡。A: 流式细胞术检测干扰FOXC1对HCC827/GR细胞凋亡的影响; B: 柱状图分析干扰FOXC1后HCC827/GR细胞发生凋亡的比例(*P < 0.05)。Knockdown of FOXC1 increased gefitinib-induced cell apoptosis of HCC827/GR cells. A: The effect of FOXC1 knockdown in HCC827/GR cells on apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry; B: The histogram analysis showed the proportion of apoptosis cells (*P < 0.05).
Knockdown of FOXC1 inhibited cancer stem cell properties of HCC827/GR cells. A: The mRNA level of CD133 in HCC827/GR cells was detected by qRT-PCR (*P < 0.05); B: The mRNA level of CD133 in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown was detected by qRT-PCR (*P < 0.05); C: The protein level of CD133 in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown was analyzed by flow cytometry; D: The stem cell self-renewal of HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown was detected by microsphere formation experiments; E: The histogram analysis showed the number of microspheres (*P < 0.05). qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR.
干扰FOXC1抑制HCC827/GR细胞的肿瘤干细胞特性。A:qRT-PCR检测HCC827/GR细胞CD133的mRNA表达水平(*P < 0.05);B:qRT-PCR检测干扰FOXC1后HCC827/GR细胞CD133的mRNA表达水平(*P < 0.05);C:流式细胞术检测干扰FOXC1后HCC827/GR细胞CD133的蛋白表达情况; D:微球体形成实验分析干扰FOXC1对HCC827/GR细胞干细胞特性之自我更新能力的影响; E:柱状图分析微球体形成数量(*P < 0.05)。Knockdown of FOXC1 inhibited cancer stem cell properties of HCC827/GR cells. A: The mRNA level of CD133 in HCC827/GR cells was detected by qRT-PCR (*P < 0.05); B: The mRNA level of CD133 in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown was detected by qRT-PCR (*P < 0.05); C: The protein level of CD133 in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown was analyzed by flow cytometry; D: The stem cell self-renewal of HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown was detected by microsphere formation experiments; E: The histogram analysis showed the number of microspheres (*P < 0.05). qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR.
Knockdown of FOXC1 inhibits the expression of SOX2 in HCC827/GR cells. A: The mRNA levels of SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog in HCC827/GR cells were detected by qRT-PCR (**P < 0.01); B: The mRNA levels of SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown were detected by qRT-PCR (**P < 0.01); C: The protein levels of SOX2 and Nanog in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown were detected by Western blot; D-F: HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown were stably transfected with pCMV-SOX2 and with an empty vector as a control; D: The protein levels of SOX2 and FOXC1 were detected by Western blot; E: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability (*P < 0.05); F: The IC50 of cells were calculated (*P < 0.05).
干扰FOXC1抑制HCC827/GR细胞SOX2的表达。A:qRT-PCR检测HCC827/GR细胞SOX2、OCT4和Nanog的mRNA表达水平(**P < 0.01);B:qRT-PCR检测干扰FOXC1后HCC827/GR细胞SOX2、OCT4和Nanog的mRNA表达水平(**P < 0.01);C:Western blot检测干扰FOXC1后HCC827/GR细胞SOX2和Nanog的蛋白表达水平; D-F:使用干扰FOXC1的HCC827/GR细胞,构建稳定过表达SOX2的细胞株; D:Western blot检测SOX2和FOXC1的蛋白表达水平; E:MTS检测细胞增殖能力(*P < 0.05);F:计算IC50值(*P < 0.05)。Knockdown of FOXC1 inhibits the expression of SOX2 in HCC827/GR cells. A: The mRNA levels of SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog in HCC827/GR cells were detected by qRT-PCR (**P < 0.01); B: The mRNA levels of SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown were detected by qRT-PCR (**P < 0.01); C: The protein levels of SOX2 and Nanog in HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown were detected by Western blot; D-F: HCC827/GR cells with FOXC1 knockdown were stably transfected with pCMV-SOX2 and with an empty vector as a control; D: The protein levels of SOX2 and FOXC1 were detected by Western blot; E: MTS assays were used to detect cell viability (*P < 0.05); F: The IC50 of cells were calculated (*P < 0.05).
Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 were assessed in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance. A: SOX2 and CD133 expression scores in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance; B: Representative examples of the FOXC1, SOX2 and CD133 staining in the same NSCLC tissue set; C: Differences of expressions of FOXC1, SOX2 and CD133 in NSCLC tissues; D: Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other in lung adenocarcinoma samples from TCGA database.
FOXC1、CD133和SOX2在吉非替尼耐药组织中的表达相关性分析。A:箱线图分析SOX2和CD133在NSCLC耐药组织表达的得分情况; B:同一NSCLC组织中FOXC1、SOX2和CD133的表达情况; C:NSCLC组织中FOXC1、SOX2和CD133表达差异的分布情况; D:基于TCGA数据库的肺腺癌数据集,分析FOXC1、SOX2和CD133表达的相关性。Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 were assessed in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance. A: SOX2 and CD133 expression scores in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance; B: Representative examples of the FOXC1, SOX2 and CD133 staining in the same NSCLC tissue set; C: Differences of expressions of FOXC1, SOX2 and CD133 in NSCLC tissues; D: Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other in lung adenocarcinoma samples from TCGA database.
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