Vejay N Vakharia1,2, Sjoerd B Vos3, Gavin P Winston1,2,4, Matthew J Gutman5, Victoria Wykes6,7, Andrew W McEvoy1,2, Anna Miserocchi1,2, Rachel Sparks8, Sebastien Ourselin8, John S Duncan1,2. 1. 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London and Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, London. 2. 2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London. 3. 3Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom. 4. 4Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 5. 5Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia. 6. 6Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham. 7. 7Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham; and. 8. 8School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Anteromesial temporal lobe resection (ATLR) results in long-term seizure freedom in patients with drug-resistant focal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). There is significant anatomical variation in the anterior projection of the optic radiation (OR), known as Meyer's loop, between individuals and between hemispheres in the same individual. Damage to the OR results in contralateral superior temporal quadrantanopia that may preclude driving in 33%-66% of patients who achieve seizure freedom. Tractography of the OR has been shown to prevent visual field deficit (VFD) when surgery is performed in an interventional MRI (iMRI) suite. Because access to iMRI is limited at most centers, the authors investigated whether use of a neuronavigation system with a microscope overlay in a conventional theater is sufficient to prevent significant VFD during ATLR. METHODS: Twenty patients with drug-resistant MTLE who underwent ATLR (9 underwent right-side ATLR, and 9 were male) were recruited to participate in this single-center prospective cohort study. Tractography of the OR was performed with preoperative 3-T multishell diffusion data that were overlaid onto the surgical field by using a conventional neuronavigation system linked to a surgical microscope. Phantom testing confirmed overlay projection errors of < 1 mm. VFD was quantified preoperatively and 3 to 12 months postoperatively by using Humphrey and Esterman perimetry. RESULTS: Perimetry results were available for all patients postoperatively, but for only 11/20 (55%) patients preoperatively. In 1/20 (5%) patients, a significant VFD occurred that would prevent driving in the UK on the basis of the results on Esterman perimetry. The VFD was identified early in the series, despite the surgical approach not transgressing OR tractography, and was subsequently found to be due to retraction injury. Tractography was also used from this point onward to inform retractor placement, and no further significant VFDs occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Use of OR tractography with overlay outside of an iMRI suite, with application of an appropriate error margin, can be used during approach to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and carries a 5% risk of VFD that is significant enough to preclude driving postoperatively. OR tractography can also be used to inform retractor placement. These results warrant a larger prospective comparative study of the use of OR tractography-guided mesial temporal resection.
OBJECTIVE: Anteromesial temporal lobe resection (ATLR) results in long-term seizure freedom in patients with drug-resistant focal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). There is significant anatomical variation in the anterior projection of the optic radiation (OR), known as Meyer's loop, between individuals and between hemispheres in the same individual. Damage to the OR results in contralateral superior temporal quadrantanopia that may preclude driving in 33%-66% of patients who achieve seizure freedom. Tractography of the OR has been shown to prevent visual field deficit (VFD) when surgery is performed in an interventional MRI (iMRI) suite. Because access to iMRI is limited at most centers, the authors investigated whether use of a neuronavigation system with a microscope overlay in a conventional theater is sufficient to prevent significant VFD during ATLR. METHODS: Twenty patients with drug-resistant MTLE who underwent ATLR (9 underwent right-side ATLR, and 9 were male) were recruited to participate in this single-center prospective cohort study. Tractography of the OR was performed with preoperative 3-T multishell diffusion data that were overlaid onto the surgical field by using a conventional neuronavigation system linked to a surgical microscope. Phantom testing confirmed overlay projection errors of < 1 mm. VFD was quantified preoperatively and 3 to 12 months postoperatively by using Humphrey and Esterman perimetry. RESULTS: Perimetry results were available for all patients postoperatively, but for only 11/20 (55%) patients preoperatively. In 1/20 (5%) patients, a significant VFD occurred that would prevent driving in the UK on the basis of the results on Esterman perimetry. The VFD was identified early in the series, despite the surgical approach not transgressing OR tractography, and was subsequently found to be due to retraction injury. Tractography was also used from this point onward to inform retractor placement, and no further significant VFDs occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Use of OR tractography with overlay outside of an iMRI suite, with application of an appropriate error margin, can be used during approach to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and carries a 5% risk of VFD that is significant enough to preclude driving postoperatively. OR tractography can also be used to inform retractor placement. These results warrant a larger prospective comparative study of the use of OR tractography-guided mesial temporal resection.