Sean D Young1, Jeffrey S Crowley2, Sten H Vermund3. 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, and Department of Informatics, Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA. Electronic address: syoung5@hs.uci.edu. 2. O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. 3. School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.