Marwa Mohsen1, Ahmed A Elberry2, Alaa Mohamed Rabea3, Mohamed E A Abdelrahim1, Raghda R S Hussein1. 1. Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. 2. Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. 3. Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been increased dramatically which in turn leads to complications including cardiovascular diseases, diabetic kidney disease, and substantially end-stage renal disease. METHODS: We reviewed articles discussing the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy with new agents that may be useful in the management of the disease. We used PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Open-access searching engines. RESULTS: The recent recommendations primarily depend on glycaemic and blood pressure control and the use of standard renin-angiotensin system blockade. Currently, the use of agents with nephroprotective effects beyond the hyperglycaemic lowering effect has been evidenced clinically. CONCLUSIONS: In his review, the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and lines of treatment of diabetic nephropathy are discussed. In addition, a focus on the clinical role and nephroprotective effects of the emerging therapeutic class, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, is addressed in detail.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been increased dramatically which in turn leads to complications including cardiovascular diseases, diabetic kidney disease, and substantially end-stage renal disease. METHODS: We reviewed articles discussing the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy with new agents that may be useful in the management of the disease. We used PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Open-access searching engines. RESULTS: The recent recommendations primarily depend on glycaemic and blood pressure control and the use of standard renin-angiotensin system blockade. Currently, the use of agents with nephroprotective effects beyond the hyperglycaemic lowering effect has been evidenced clinically. CONCLUSIONS: In his review, the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and lines of treatment of diabetic nephropathy are discussed. In addition, a focus on the clinical role and nephroprotective effects of the emerging therapeutic class, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, is addressed in detail.