Jingyuan Lin1, Liye Zou2, Wuji Lin3, Benjamin Becker4, Albert Yeung5, Pim Cuijpers6, Hong Li7. 1. Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University; Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China; Center for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Ministry of Education; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China; Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China. 2. Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory; Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China. 3. Center for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Ministry of Education; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China; Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China. 4. The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China. 5. Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. 6. Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands. 7. Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University; Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China; Center for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Ministry of Education; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China; Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: lihong_psych@m.scnu.edu.cn.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This meta-analytic review aimed to systematically evaluate associations of depression with multiple gender role dimensions (masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and undifferentiated traits) and to determine potential moderators (participant characteristics, study instruments and sociocultural factors) of the relationship. METHODS: Of 4481 initially identified records in three electronic databases, 58 studies published 1978 to 2021 were included for meta-analysis. RESULTS: (1) Association of depression and gender role is moderated by study year and human development indices. (2) Masculinity is a protective factor for depression, while this dominance has declined as life expectancy increases. (3) A negative, weak but significant association between depression and femininity is observed in women, and college students, which starts to emerge with the gradual increase in the national education and income index from 1990 to 2019. (4) Androgynous individuals reported the lowest level of depression as compared with other gender role orientations (masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated trait group). This disparity is becoming more extreme with life expectancy and per capita income index increases. LIMITATIONS: English-language studies were only included in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Androgyny might be the most ideal gender role protecting both women and men from depression.
BACKGROUND: This meta-analytic review aimed to systematically evaluate associations of depression with multiple gender role dimensions (masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and undifferentiated traits) and to determine potential moderators (participant characteristics, study instruments and sociocultural factors) of the relationship. METHODS: Of 4481 initially identified records in three electronic databases, 58 studies published 1978 to 2021 were included for meta-analysis. RESULTS: (1) Association of depression and gender role is moderated by study year and human development indices. (2) Masculinity is a protective factor for depression, while this dominance has declined as life expectancy increases. (3) A negative, weak but significant association between depression and femininity is observed in women, and college students, which starts to emerge with the gradual increase in the national education and income index from 1990 to 2019. (4) Androgynous individuals reported the lowest level of depression as compared with other gender role orientations (masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated trait group). This disparity is becoming more extreme with life expectancy and per capita income index increases. LIMITATIONS: English-language studies were only included in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Androgyny might be the most ideal gender role protecting both women and men from depression.
Authors: Yvonne Versluijs; Thomas W van Ravens; Pieta Krijnen; David Ring; Inger B Schipper Journal: World J Surg Date: 2022-09-29 Impact factor: 3.282