Herb-drug interactions and toxicity: Underscoring potential mechanisms and forecasting clinically relevant interactions induced by common phytoconstituents via data mining and computational approaches.

Herbals in the form of medicine are employed extensively around the world. Herbal and conventional medicine combination is a potentially dangerous practice mainly in comorbid, hepato insufficient and frail patients leading to perilous herb-drug interactions (HDI) and toxicity. This study features potential HDI of 15 globally famous plant species through data mining and computational methods. Several plant species were found to mimic warfarin. Phytochemicals from M. charantia induced hypoglycemica. M. chamomila and G. biloba possessed anticoagulant activities. S. hispanica reduces postprandial glycemia. R. officinalis has been reported to inhibit the efflux of anticancer substrates while A. sativum can boost the clearance of anticancer agents. P. ginseng can alter blood coagulation. A cross link of the biological and in silico data revealed that a plethora of herbal metabolites such as ursolic and rosmarinic acid among others are possible/probable inhibitors of specific CYP450 enzymes. Consequently, plant species/metabolites with a given pharmacological property/metabolizing enzyme should not be mixed with drugs having the same pharmacological property/metabolizing enzyme. Even if combined with drugs, herbal medicines must be used at low doses for a short period of time and under the supervision of a healthcare professional to avoid potential adverse and toxic effects.