Merih Onal1, Nadir Kocak2, Fahrettin Duymus2, Mete Kaan Bozkurt3, Cagdas Elsurer3, Omer Erdur3, Ozkan Onal4,5. 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. drmerihonal@gmail.com. 2. Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. 3. Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. 4. Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA. 5. Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Tonsil tissue is a very important component of the human immunity system, contributing to the functioning of the cellular and humoral defence system, especially in childhood. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that has a very important function in the balanced functioning of cells, in which the accumulation of a cellular protein called ER stress occurs in case of dysfunction. ER stress influences the pathogenesis of many diseases and immune system functions. We aimed to investigate the relation between the diseases of tonsil tissue and ER stress response to elucidate the mechanisms of diseases related with the immune system. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 46 children aged between 2 and 16 years who underwent tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis or tonsillar hypertrophy. Tonsil tissue was separated into two groups according to their size and evaluated in terms of ER stress markers and apoptosis markers by Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The ΔCT levels of ER stress markers (ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, EIF2AK3, ERN1, GRP94) were greater in children with chronic tonsillitis (p < 0.005). In contrast, the tonsillar hypertrophy group had greater ΔCT levels of apoptosis markers (BAX, BCL-2) according to the Real-time PCR method (p < 0.005). According to the Western blot analysis, the normalized levels of ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, and ERN1 genes were found greater in the chronic tonsillitis group than the tonsillar hypertrophy group. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of normalized BCL-2 and BAX levels by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in the literature investigating the effect of the ER stress pathway on the etiopathogenesis of tonsil diseases. It was concluded that the ER stress pathway plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. Investigating the relationship between ER stress and structures such as the tonsil tissue that make up the immune system can help create new treatment strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04653376.
OBJECTIVES: Tonsil tissue is a very important component of the human immunity system, contributing to the functioning of the cellular and humoral defence system, especially in childhood. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that has a very important function in the balanced functioning of cells, in which the accumulation of a cellular protein called ER stress occurs in case of dysfunction. ER stress influences the pathogenesis of many diseases and immune system functions. We aimed to investigate the relation between the diseases of tonsil tissue and ER stress response to elucidate the mechanisms of diseases related with the immune system. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 46 children aged between 2 and 16 years who underwent tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis or tonsillar hypertrophy. Tonsil tissue was separated into two groups according to their size and evaluated in terms of ER stress markers and apoptosis markers by Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The ΔCT levels of ER stress markers (ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, EIF2AK3, ERN1, GRP94) were greater in children with chronic tonsillitis (p < 0.005). In contrast, the tonsillar hypertrophy group had greater ΔCT levels of apoptosis markers (BAX, BCL-2) according to the Real-time PCR method (p < 0.005). According to the Western blot analysis, the normalized levels of ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, and ERN1 genes were found greater in the chronic tonsillitis group than the tonsillar hypertrophy group. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of normalized BCL-2 and BAX levels by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in the literature investigating the effect of the ER stress pathway on the etiopathogenesis of tonsil diseases. It was concluded that the ER stress pathway plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. Investigating the relationship between ER stress and structures such as the tonsil tissue that make up the immune system can help create new treatment strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04653376.
Authors: Oscar Palomares; Beate Rückert; Tuomas Jartti; Umut Can Kücüksezer; Tuomo Puhakka; Enrique Gomez; Heinz B Fahrner; Andreas Speiser; Andreas Jung; William W Kwok; Livije Kalogjera; Mübeccel Akdis; Cezmi A Akdis Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Date: 2011-11-03 Impact factor: 10.793
Authors: Hamsa Puthalakath; Lorraine A O'Reilly; Priscilla Gunn; Lily Lee; Priscilla N Kelly; Nicholas D Huntington; Peter D Hughes; Ewa M Michalak; Jennifer McKimm-Breschkin; Noburo Motoyama; Tomomi Gotoh; Shizuo Akira; Philippe Bouillet; Andreas Strasser Journal: Cell Date: 2007-06-29 Impact factor: 41.582