Aravind Sekhar1, Ashani Kuttan2, Jorge Chiquie Borges3, Manu Rajachandran4. 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA. asekhar@ttuhsc.edu. 2. , El Paso, USA. 3. Interventional Cardiology/Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. 4. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an overview of nutrition studies evaluating the association of dietary saturated fat and meat intake with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and discuss implications of recent data. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have led to the re-evaluation of the role of saturated fat in CAD. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support Mediterranean diet to reduce cardiovascular risk. Recent data revealed significant association of intake of meat or poultry with increased risk, but fish consumption was associated with lower risk of incident CAD. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the studies and data that have led to the re-evaluation of the link between saturated fat and CAD. Due to conflicting data from long-term prospective cohort studies and significant heterogeneity, associations of unprocessed meat with CAD are less clear compared to the role of processed meat. Pooled data from prospective cohort studies have overcome some of these limitations and show association of both processed and unprocessed meat and poultry intake but not fish consumption with incident CAD. These findings were also validated recently in a large UK Biobank prospective study. While recognizing the limitations of these cohort studies, we discuss relevant landmark RCTs. We finally consider the challenges with RCTs in nutrition research to improve the quality of evidence and need for evidence-based dietary guidelines with respect to saturated fat intake from a clinical perspective.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an overview of nutrition studies evaluating the association of dietary saturated fat and meat intake with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and discuss implications of recent data. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have led to the re-evaluation of the role of saturated fat in CAD. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support Mediterranean diet to reduce cardiovascular risk. Recent data revealed significant association of intake of meat or poultry with increased risk, but fish consumption was associated with lower risk of incident CAD. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the studies and data that have led to the re-evaluation of the link between saturated fat and CAD. Due to conflicting data from long-term prospective cohort studies and significant heterogeneity, associations of unprocessed meat with CAD are less clear compared to the role of processed meat. Pooled data from prospective cohort studies have overcome some of these limitations and show association of both processed and unprocessed meat and poultry intake but not fish consumption with incident CAD. These findings were also validated recently in a large UK Biobank prospective study. While recognizing the limitations of these cohort studies, we discuss relevant landmark RCTs. We finally consider the challenges with RCTs in nutrition research to improve the quality of evidence and need for evidence-based dietary guidelines with respect to saturated fat intake from a clinical perspective.
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