| Literature DB >> 34276063 |
Kilian Vomstein1, Anna Aulitzky1, Laura Strobel1, Michael Bohlmann2, Katharina Feil1, Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn3, Johannes Zschocke3, Bettina Toth1.
Abstract
While roughly 30% of all women experience a spontaneous miscarriage in their lifetime, the incidence of recurrent (habitual) spontaneous miscarriage is 1 - 3% depending on the employed definition. The established risk factors include endocrine, anatomical, infection-related, genetic, haemostasis-related and immunological factors. Diagnosis is made more difficult by the sometimes diverging recommendations of the respective international specialist societies. The present study is therefore intended to provide a comparison of existing international guidelines and recommendations. The guidelines of the ESHRE, ASRM, the DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG and the recommendations of the RCOG were analysed. It was shown that investigation is indicated after 2 clinical pregnancies and the diagnosis should be made using a standardised timetable that includes the most frequent causes of spontaneous miscarriage. The guidelines concur that anatomical malformations, antiphospholipid syndrome and thyroid dysfunction should be excluded. Moreover, the guidelines recommend carrying out pre-conception chromosomal analysis of both partners (or of the aborted material). Other risk factors have not been included in the recommendations by all specialist societies, on the one hand because of a lack of diagnostic criteria (luteal phase insufficiency) and on the other hand because of the different age of the guidelines (chronic endometritis). In addition, various economic and consensus aspects in producing the guidelines influence the individual recommendations. An understanding of the underlying decision-making process should lead in practice to the best individual diagnosis and resulting treatment being offered to each couple. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: genetics; infertility; miscarriage
Year: 2021 PMID: 34276063 PMCID: PMC8277441 DOI: 10.1055/a-1380-3657
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Definition of RM in the guidelines.
| ESHRE | DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG | ASRM | RCOG |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASRM = American Society for Reproductive Medicine; DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG = Deutsche, Österreichische und Schweizer Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe [German, Austrian and Swiss Societies for Gynaecology and Obstetrics]; ESHRE = European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; RCOG = Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; RM = recurrent (habitual) spontaneous miscarriage. | |||
| ≥ 2 miscarriages | ≥ 3 consecutive miscarriages | ≥ 2 miscarriages (after sonographic or histopathological confirmation of pregnancy) | ≥ 3 consecutive miscarriages |
|
| |||
Table 2 Diagnosis of RM. Relevant differences between the guideline recommendations are shown in bold. The measures recommended by the authorsʼ team are shown in italics.
| ESHRE | DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG | ASRM | RCOG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACA = anticardiolipin antibody; ANA = antinuclear antibody; APLS = antiphospholipid syndrome; ASRM = American Society for Reproductive Medicine; CD138 = Cluster of Differentiation 138; DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG = German, Austrian and Swiss Societies for Gynaecology and Obstetrics; ESHRE = European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; HLA = human leucocyte antigen; HSG = hysterosalpingography; HSC = hysteroscopy; IgA = immunoglobulin A; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IgM = immunoglobulin M; LAC = lupus anticoagulant; LSC = laparoscopy; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; PCOS = polycystic ovarian syndrome; RCOG = Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; RM = recurrent (habitual) spontaneous miscarriage; SHG = sono-hysterography; SS-A/RO = Sjogren syndrome antigen A antibody; SS-B = Sjogren syndrome antigen B antibody; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone. | ||||
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| ||||
Chromosome analysis of parents |
Chromosome analysis
|
| Microscopic chromosome analysis of both partners |
Microscopic chromosome analysis of both partners
|
Chromosome analysis of embryo |
Chromosome analysis of aborted material
|
| – |
Chromosome analysis of aborted material
|
|
|
|
|
| No explicit recommendation for women with RM |
|
| ||||
APLS | ACA (IgM, IgG), β2-glycoprotein I antibodies; LAC |
| ACA (IgM, IgG), β2-glycoprotein I antibodies; LAC | ACA (IgM, IgG) LAC |
ANA |
|
| ||
other | HLA-DRB1*05:01/05:02 in Scandinavian women with secondary RM |
| ||
|
|
| Sonography | SHG | Sonography |
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| ||||
Thyroid | Thyroid tests and monitoring of TSH |
| Thyroid tests and monitoring of TSH | Thyroid tests and monitoring of TSH |
Prolactin |
| – | Investigation of hyperprolactinaemia | Data inconsistent |
Glucose |
|
| Investigation of glucose status |
|
PCOS |
|
|
Investigation of PCOS and hyperandrogenaemia regarded as
|
|
Luteal phase | Luteal phase tests not recommended |
|
Luteal phase tests
|
Luteal phase tests
|
|
| ||||
| Infection screening | – |
| Screening by vaginal swabs not recommended | – |
| Chronic endometritis |
|
| ||
Table 3 Treatment of RM. Relevant differences between the guideline recommendations are shown in bold. The measures recommended by the authorsʼ team are shown in italics.
| ESHRE | DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG | ASRM | RCOG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| APLS = Antiphospholipid syndrome; ASRM = American Society for Reproductive Medicine; DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG = German, Austrian and Swiss Societies for Gynaecology and Obstetrics; ESHRE = European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; i. v. = intravenous; PGT-A = preimplantation diagnostics for aneuploidies; PID = preimplantation diagnostics; RCOG = Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; RM = recurrent (habitual) spontaneous miscarriage; TNF-α blocker = tumour necrosis factor alpha blocker; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone. | ||||
|
| PID/PGT-A not recommended |
| PID/PGT-A not recommended | PID/PGT-A not recommended |
|
|
| Anticoagulation in hereditary thrombophilia only for thrombosis prophylaxis in the mother | No explicit recommendation on treatment in women with RM | Inadequate data on anticoagulation with heparin for secondary prophylaxis in women with RM and thrombophilia (no recommendation) |
|
| ||||
APLS |
Low dose aspirin (75 – 100 mg daily) in combination with unfractionated/
low molecular weight heparin
|
| Treatment of APLS with low dose aspirin in combination with unfractionated heparin | Treatment of APLS with low dose aspirin in combination with unfractionated/low molecular weight heparin |
other | – |
| i. v. administration of immunoglobulins is not recommended |
|
|
|
|
| Septum resection |
|
|
| ||||
Thyroid | TSH < 2.5 |
| TSH < 2.5 | TSH < 2.5 |
Prolactin |
| – | Bromocriptine | Data inconsistent |
Glucose | Optimal control of diabetes mellitus |
| Optimal control of diabetes mellitus | Optimal control of diabetes mellitus |
Luteal phase |
|
|
Luteal phase support
|
Luteal phase support
|
|
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Chronic endometritis |
|
| – | – |
Table 4 APLS diagnostic criteria (modified from 59 ). APLS can be diagnosed when at least one clinical and one laboratory criterion is met.
| Clinical criteria | Laboratory criteria (found twice at an interval of 12 weeks) |
|---|---|
| APLS = antiphospholipid syndrome, Ab = antibody | |
≥ 1 venous or arterial thrombosis ≥ 1 unexplained miscarriage with morphologically normal foetuses > 10 weeks of pregnancy ≥ 3 unexplained miscarriages < 10 weeks of pregnancy ≥ 1 premature birth < 34 weeks of pregnancy because of placental insufficiency or pre-/eclampsia | Anti-cardiolipin Ab (IgM, IgG): medium to high titre Anti-β2-glycoprotein-1 Ab (IgM, IgG): high titre Lupus anticoagulant |
Tab. 1 Definition RSA in den Leitlinien.
| ESHRE | DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG | ASRM | RCOG |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASRM = American Society for Reproductive Medicine; DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG = Deutsche, Österreichische und Schweizer Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe; ESHRE = European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; RCOG = Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; RSA = rezidivierende (habituelle) Spontanaborte. | |||
| ≥ 2 Aborte | ≥ 3 konsekutive Aborte | ≥ 2 Aborte (nach sonografischem oder histopathologischem Schwangerschaftsnachweis) | ≥ 3 konsekutive Aborte |
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Tab. 2 Diagnostik bei RSA. Fett hervorgehoben die jeweils relevanten Unterschiede zwischen den Leitlinienempfehlungen. Die vom Autorenteam empfohlenen Maßnahmen sind kursiv hervorgehoben.
| ESHRE | DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG | ASRM | RCOG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACA = Anticardiolipin-Antikörper; ANA = antinukleäre Antikörper; APLS = Antiphospholipidsyndrom; ASRM = American Society for Reproductive Medicine; CD138 = Cluster of Differentiation 138; DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG = Deutsche, Österreichische und Schweizer Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe; ESHRE = European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; HLA = humane Leukozytenantigene; HSG = Hysterosalpingografie; HSK = Hysteroskopie; IgA = Immunglobulin A; IgG = Immunglobulin G; IgM = Immunglobulin M; LAC = Lupusantikoagulans; LSK = Laparoskopie; MRT = Magnetresonanztomografie; PCOS = polyzystisches Ovarialsyndrom; RCOG = Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; RSA = rezidivierende (habituelle) Spontanaborte; SHG = Sono-Hysterografie; SS-A/RO = Sjögren-Syndrom Antigen-A-Antikörper; SS-B = Sjögren-Syndrom Antigen-B-Antikörper; TSH = thyroideastimulierendes Hormon. | ||||
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Chromosomenanalyse Eltern |
Chromosomenanalysen
|
| mikroskopische Chromosomenanalysen beider Partner |
mikroskopische Chromosomenanalysen beider Partner
|
Chromosomenanalyse Embryo |
Chromosomenanalysen aus Abortmaterial
|
| – |
Chromosomenanalysen aus Abortmaterial
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| keine explizite Empfehlung bei Frauen mit RSA |
|
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APLS | ACA (IgM, IgG), β2-Glykoprotein-I-Antikörper; LAC |
| ACA (IgM, IgG), β2-Glykoprotein-I-Antikörper; LAC | ACA (IgM, IgG) LAC |
ANA |
|
| ||
weitere | HLA-DRB1*05:01/05:02 bei skandinavischen Frauen mit sekundären RSA |
| ||
|
|
| Sonografie | SHG | Sonografie |
|
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Schilddrüse | Schilddrüsendiagnostik und Überwachung TSH |
| Schilddrüsendiagnostik und Überwachung TSH | Schilddrüsendiagnostik und Überwachung TSH |
Prolaktin |
| – | Abklärung Hyperprolaktinämie | Datenlage inkonsistent |
Glukose |
|
| Abklärung Glukosestatus |
|
PCOS |
|
|
Abklärung PCOS und Hyperandrogenämie
|
|
Lutealphase | Lutealphasendiagnostik nicht empfohlen |
|
Lutealphasendiagnostik
|
Lutealphasendiagnostik
|
|
| ||||
| infektiologisches Screening | – |
| kein Screening durch Vaginalabstriche empfohlen | – |
| chronische Endometritis |
|
| ||
Tab. 3 Therapie bei RSA. Fett hervorgehoben die jeweils relevanten Unterschiede zwischen den Leitlinienempfehlungen. Die vom Autorenteam empfohlenen Maßnahmen sind kursiv hervorgehoben.
| ESHRE | DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG | ASRM | RCOG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| APLS = Antiphospholipidsyndrom; ASRM = American Society for Reproductive Medicine; ASS = Acetylsalicylsäure; DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG = Deutsche, Österreichische und Schweizer Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe; ESHRE = European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; i. v. = intravenös; PGT-A = Präimplantationsdiagnostik für Aneuploidien; PID = Präimplantationsdiagnostik; RCOG = Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; RSA = rezidivierende (habituelle) Spontanaborte; TNF-α-Blocker = Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha-Blocker; TSH = thyroideastimulierendes Hormon. | ||||
|
| PID/PGT-A nicht empfohlen |
| PID/PGT-A nicht empfohlen | PID/PGT-A nicht empfohlen |
|
|
| Antikoagulation bei hereditärer Thrombophilie nur zur Thromboseprophylaxe der Mutter | keine explizite Empfehlung zur Therapie bei Frauen mit RSA | unzureichende Datenlage zur Antikoagulation mit Heparin zur Sekundärprophylaxe bei Frauen mit RSA und Thrombophilie (keine Empfehlung) |
|
| ||||
APLS |
Low Dose Aspirin (75 – 100 mg täglich) in Kombination mit unfraktioniertem/niedermolekularem Heparin
|
| Therapie eines APLS mit Low Dose Aspirin in Kombination mit unfraktioniertem Heparin | Therapie eines APLS mit Low Dose Aspirin in Kombination mit unfraktioniertem/niedermolekularem Heparin |
weitere | – |
| i. v. Gabe von Immunglobulinen wird nicht empfohlen |
|
|
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| Septumresektion |
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|
| ||||
Schilddrüse | TSH < 2,5 |
| TSH < 2,5 | TSH < 2,5 |
Prolaktin |
| – | Bromocriptin | Datenlage inkonsistent |
Glukose | bestmögliche Einstellung eines Diabetes mellitus |
| bestmögliche Einstellung eines Diabetes mellitus | bestmögliche Einstellung eines Diabetes mellitus |
Lutealphase |
|
|
Lutealphasensupport
|
Lutealphasensupport
|
|
| ||||
chronische Endometritis |
|
| – | – |
Tab. 4 Diagnosekriterien APLS (modifiziert nach 59 ). Ein APLS kann diagnostiziert werden, wenn mindestens ein klinisches und ein laborchemisches Kriterium erfüllt werden.
| klinische Kriterien | Laborkriterien (2-maliger Nachweis im Abstand von 12 Wochen) |
|---|---|
| APLS = Antiphospholipidsyndrom, SSW = Schwangerschaftswoche, Ak = Antikörper | |
≥ 1 venöse oder arterielle Thrombose ≥ 1 unerklärte Fehlgeburt bei morphologisch unauffälligen Feten > 10 SSW ≥ 3 unerklärte Fehlgeburten < 10. SSW ≥ 1 Frühgeburt < 34. SSW aufgrund einer Plazentainsuffizienz oder Prä-/Eklampsie | Anti-Cardiolipin-Ak (IgM, IgG): mittlere bis hohe Titer Anti-β2-Glykoprotein-1-Ak (IgM, IgG): hohe Titer Lupusantikoagulans |