The role of autophagy in pancreatic cancer progression.

Patients with pancreatic cancer have an abysmal survival rate. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer is due to the difficulty of making an early diagnosis, high rate of metastasis, and frequent chemoresistance. In recent years, as a self-regulatory procedure within cells, the effect and mechanism of autophagy have been explored. Dysregulated autophagy serves as a double-edged sword in cancer development in which autophagy inhibits cancer initiation but promotes cancer progression. After tumor formation, activation of autophagy can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulate metabolism, specifically glutamine usage and the glycolytic process, and mediate drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. Multiple genes, RNA molecules, proteins, and certain drugs exert antitumor effects by inhibiting autophagy-mediated drug resistance. Several clinical trials have combined autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapeutic drugs in pancreatic cancer treatment, some of which have shown promising results. In conclusion, autophagy plays a vital role in pancreatic cancer progression and deserves further study.