Divalent cation binding to the high- and low-affinity sites on G-actin.

Metal binding to skeletal muscle G-actin has been assessed by equilibrium dialysis using 45Ca2+ and by kinetic measurements of the increase in the fluorescence of N-acetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine-labeled actin. Two classes of cation binding sites were found on G-actin which could be separated on the basis of their Ca2+ affinity: a single high-affinity site with a Kd considerably less than 1 microM and three identical moderate-affinity binding sites with a Kd of 18 microM. The data for the Mg2+-induced fluorescence enhancement of actin labeled with N-acetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine support a previously suggested mechanism [Frieden, C. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2882-2886] in which Ca2+ is replaced by Mg2+ at the moderate affinity site(s), followed by a slow actin isomerization. This isomerization occurs independently of Ca2+ release from the high-affinity site. The fluorescence data do not support a mechanism in which this isomerization is directly related to Ca2+ release from the high-affinity site. Fluorescence changes of labeled actin associated with adding metal chelators are complex and do not reflect the same change induced by Mg2+ addition. Fluorescence changes in the labeled actin have also been observed for the addition of Cd2+ or Mn2+ instead of Mg2+. It is proposed actin may undergo a host of subtle conformational changes dependent on the divalent cation bound. We have also developed a method by which progress curves of a given reaction can be analyzed by nonlinear regression fitting of kinetic simulations to experimental reaction time courses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)