Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Doubled Haploid Technologies.

Doubled haploids (DH) have become a powerful tool to assist in different basic research studies, and also in applied research. The principal (but not the only) and routine use of DH by breeding companies is to produce pure lines for hybrid seed production in different crop species. Several decades after the discovery of haploid inducer lines in maize and of anther culture as a method to produce haploid plants from pollen precursors, the biotechnological revolution of the last decades allowed to the development of a variety of approaches to pursue the goal of doubled haploid production. Now, it is possible to produce haploids and DHs in many different species, because when a method does not work properly, there are several others to test. In this chapter, we overview the currently available approaches used to produce haploids and DHs by using methods based on in vitro culture, or involving the in vivo induction of haploid embryo development, or a combination of both.