Biomechanical study comparing the energy cost of human bipedalism versus zenkutsu-dachi stepping of a karateka.

Traditional stepping in the zenkutsu-dachi stance of the Shotokan style of karate is very physically demanding. It requires considerably more effort than what is expended during conventional human bipedalism. We performed a biomechanical study to analyze and compare these two types of gaits when performed by a highly experienced karateka. The study involved a three-dimensional motion analysis system (digital cameras and optical reflectors) and a force platform to analyze the ground reaction forces in all three planes. The study had both kinematic and kinetic components. We found that zenkutsu-dachi stepping is much more costly from an energetics point of view because the properties of the biarticular muscles are not used, the muscular moments of force are higher, and the body's potential energy is not converted into kinetic energy, contrary to the more economical model of human bipedalism that involves an inverted pendulum pattern.