Mutsuaki Edama1, Tomoya Takabayashi2, Hirotake Yokota2, Ryo Hirabayashi2, Chie Sekine2, Sae Maruyama2, Hiroki Otani3. 1. Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan. edama@nuhw.ac.jp. 2. Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan. 3. Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 690-8504, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to classify the twisted structure of the fetal Achilles tendon. METHODS: The study was conducted using 30 legs from 15 Japanese fetuses (mean weight, 1764.6 ± 616.9 g; mean crown-rump length, 283.5 ± 38.7 mm; 16 males, 14 females). According to attachment to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity, cases showing only soleus attachment were classified as least twist (Type I), cases showing both lateral head of the gastrocnemius and soleus were classified as moderate twist (Type II), and cases with only lateral head of the gastrocnemius were classified as extreme twist (Type III). RESULTS: Viewing the Achilles tendon from cranially shows a structure twisted counterclockwise on the right side and clockwise on the left. The Achilles tendon was Type I in 4 legs (13%), Type II in 23 legs (77%), and Type III in 3 legs (10%). CONCLUSIONS: The twisted structure of the Achilles tendon can be classified as early as the second trimester and is similar to that seen in adults.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to classify the twisted structure of the fetal Achilles tendon. METHODS: The study was conducted using 30 legs from 15 Japanese fetuses (mean weight, 1764.6 ± 616.9 g; mean crown-rump length, 283.5 ± 38.7 mm; 16 males, 14 females). According to attachment to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity, cases showing only soleus attachment were classified as least twist (Type I), cases showing both lateral head of the gastrocnemius and soleus were classified as moderate twist (Type II), and cases with only lateral head of the gastrocnemius were classified as extreme twist (Type III). RESULTS: Viewing the Achilles tendon from cranially shows a structure twisted counterclockwise on the right side and clockwise on the left. The Achilles tendon was Type I in 4 legs (13%), Type II in 23 legs (77%), and Type III in 3 legs (10%). CONCLUSIONS: The twisted structure of the Achilles tendon can be classified as early as the second trimester and is similar to that seen in adults.
Authors: Jens Bojsen-Møller; Philip Hansen; Per Aagaard; Ulla Svantesson; Michael Kjaer; S Peter Magnusson Journal: J Appl Physiol (1985) Date: 2004-06-25
Authors: M Edama; M Kubo; H Onishi; T Takabayashi; T Inai; E Yokoyama; W Hiroshi; N Satoshi; I Kageyama Journal: Scand J Med Sci Sports Date: 2014-12-30 Impact factor: 4.221
Authors: P A Pękala; B M Henry; A Ochała; P Kopacz; G Tatoń; A Młyniec; J A Walocha; K A Tomaszewski Journal: Scand J Med Sci Sports Date: 2017-01-30 Impact factor: 4.221