Heart failure medication dosage and survival in women and men seen at outpatient clinics.

OBJECTIVE: Women with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) may reach optimal treatment effect at half of the guideline-recommended medication dose. This study investigates prescription practice and its relation with survival of patients with HF in daily care.
METHODS: Electronic health record data from 13 Dutch outpatient cardiology clinics were extracted for HF receiving at least one guideline-recommended HF medication. Dose changes over consecutive prescriptions were modelled using natural cubic splines. Inverse probability-weighted Cox regression was used to assess the relationship between dose (reference≥50% target dose) and all-cause mortality.
RESULTS: The study population comprised 561 women (29% HFrEF (ejection fraction (EF)<40%), 49% heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF≥50%); HFpEF and 615 men (47% and 25%, respectively). During a median follow-up of 3.7 years, 252 patients died (48% women; 167 HFrEF, 84 HFpEF). Nine hundred thirty-four patients (46% women) received ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 795 (48% women) beta blockers and 178 (42% women) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). In both sexes, the mean target dose across prescriptions was 50% for ACEI/ARBs and beta blockers, and 100% for MRAs. ACEI/ARB dose of <50% was associated with lower mortality in women but not in men with HFrEF. This was not seen in patients with HFpEF. Beta-blocker dose was not associated with all-cause mortality.
CONCLUSION: Patients with HF seen in outpatient cardiology clinics receive half of the guideline-recommended medication dose. Lower ACEI/ARB dose was associated with improved survival in women with HFrEF. These results underscore the importance of (re)defining optimal medical therapy for women with HFrEF. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Introduction

Heart failure (HF) affects 26 million people worldwide,1 half of which are women.2 Despite known sex differences in both its presentation3 and response to drug therapy,4 HF guidelines recommend the same target doses for women and men.5 This is debated because women are under-represented in HF trials and sex-stratified data remain scarce.2 Efforts to increase the number of women in trials have had limited success,6 possibly because inclusion criteria favour the male pattern of disease. Inclusion criteria based on age, ejection fraction (EF) and brain natriuretric peptide levels that do not consider sex differences disproportionally exclude women.7–9 Often, HF trials also exclude elderly or multimorbid patients, resulting in study populations healthier than ‘real-world’ patients.10 It remains unclear how findings from HF trials and recommendations based on these trials translate to daily care.

Two heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) cohorts challenged current recommendations by showing that women receiving 50% of the guideline-recommended dose for ACE inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) or beta blockers had better survival and fewer HF hospitalisations during follow-up than women on higher doses, whereas in men, prognosis improved with increasing dose.11 Dutch registry data showed that women with HFrEF often already receive lower doses than guideline-recommended in daily care.12 Medication dosage in women with HF may additionally be complicated because women more often present with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)7 for which effective treatments and dosage information are lacking.5 We used routine care data from Dutch outpatient cardiology clinics to describe current dosage practices in a heterogeneous HF population and investigate the association between medication dosage and survival across sexes and HF subtypes.

Methods

Study population

The Cardiology Centers of the Netherlands (CCN) database contains routine clinical care data from 109 151 patients referred for cardiac workup by their general practitioner (GP) on suspicion of cardiac disease between 2007 and 2018. During the first visit, information was collected on anthropometric measurements, cardiovascular risk factors, medical history, comorbidities and medication use. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography.

For the current study, all patients with a new HF diagnosis registered in the clinical care database within the 2 weeks prior to and including the baseline visit (‘de novo’ HF) were included. As all patients referred to CCN are seen within 2 weeks, any diagnosis within this period can be considered de novo. Patients with known HF were excluded to minimise survival bias.

HF was defined as either (1) a diagnosis of HF or decompensatio cordis registered by the cardiologist, or (2) a diagnosis of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or diastolic dysfunction registered by the cardiologist that was verified using the LV systolic or diastolic function reported by the echocardiographist, respectively. Patients for whom the LV function could not be verified were excluded. HF was divided into reduced (<40%), mid-range (40%–50%) and preserved EF (≥50%) subtypes.5

Guideline-recommended HF medication and target dose

Medication groups were defined based on the 2016 ESC HF guideline5 and included ACEI/ARBs, beta blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). Medication prescriptions were identified with pattern matching based on a combination of generic compound names and brand names. Medication dose was extracted from text fields using pattern matching and multiplied by daily frequency and dosage to obtain the daily dose per prescription.

Target doses were taken from the 2016 guideline,5 from literature11 or calculated using conversion tables.13–15 To enable comparison between medication groups, daily dose was converted to percentage of target dose. Percentage of target dose was used both as continuous and dichotomous variables with levels of <50% and ≥50%, depending on the analysis. The dichotomous variable was chosen based on the hypothesis that women have a better prognosis at <50% of target dose.

Baseline HF medication was defined as the first prescription for each medication category that was prescribed within the period 31 days prior to and 31 days after the patient’s CCN visit. First prescriptions that started either before or after the relevant time window, prescriptions that ended before the CCN visit, one-off prescriptions and prescriptions with data entry errors were excluded. Prescriptions started more than 31 days prior to the CCN visit were categorised as medication history. Medication use was tracked over time within the CCN database, including dose changes. To show dosage over time, all prescriptions registered after the baseline HF medication prescription were numbered in order of prescription date and the dose was converted to percentage of target dose as described earlier.

Outcomes

Passive follow-up for all-cause mortality was available for 95.9% of the study population via linkage to the national causes of death registry from Statistics Netherlands. This registry continuously collects all official cause of death reports submitted by medical doctors and coroners in the Netherlands and is updated quarterly and yearly. The cause of death is coded using the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Edition 10. For the current analyses, all-cause mortality was available until 12 February 2020. Follow-up time for patients who were still alive was censored at 12 February 2020.

Statistical analyses

Continuous variables were reported as mean (SD) or median (IQR). Categorical variables were reported as number and percentage. Sex-specific dosing patterns were evaluated by plotting the percentage of target dose prescribed against the consecutive number of prescriptions within each medication group. A natural cubic spline with three knots was used to visualise trends. The sex-specific relationship between percentage of target dose at baseline and all-cause mortality was evaluated using Cox regression in the whole population and stratified by HF subtype, with the ≥50% target dose as reference group. We used the product of target dose and sex as an interaction term to test whether observed sex differences in the association between target dose and mortality were statistically significant. We used restricted cubic splines to explore non-linearity in the sex-specific relationship between percentage of target dose and all-cause mortality. The number of knots was determined using the Akaike Information Criterion. To account for confounding by indication, the analyses were inversely weighted with the probability of receiving ≥50% target dose. This probability was calculated as a propensity score.16 We calculated propensity scores for each medication group separately, as a patient’s dose could differ between medication groups. Missing data on components of the propensity score were imputed with multiple imputation using the mice package17 before calculating the propensity scores using the ipw package.18 Patients whose EF was not recorded (7%) were excluded from HF subtype analyses.

Sensitivity analyses

We performed two subgroup analyses to test the robustness of our findings across patient subgroups, one including only patients for whom the cardiologist wrote down a diagnosis of HF or decompensatio cordis (HF definition 1) and one redefining HFpEF as an EF of ≥40% to include patients with HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF). We performed five analyses to test the robustness of our findings across different categorisations of the exposure. The first used exposure categories based on literature11; the second used tertiles of the target dose based on the distribution in the cohort; the third used quartiles; and the fourth used the last recorded dosage for each patient with the same exposure groups as the main analysis. As dosage was left-skewed, we used the lowest exposure group as reference for the sensitivity analyses with different exposure categories to obtain more stable estimates. The fifth used binary categories of ≤50% and>50% of target dose. To maintain sufficient power, these sensitivity analyses were not stratified by HF subtype.

All analyses were performed in R (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Out of the 3811 patients with HF in the CCN database, 1176 patients met our criteria for both de novo HF and use of HF medication (figure 1). In total, 934 patients received an ACEI/ARB; 795 received a beta blocker; and 178 received an MRA (figure 1). Thirty-five per cent of patients with HFrEF had an EF ≤30%.

Figure 1

Flowchart of the study population selection.

Women comprised 48% of the study population and were on average older than men (71±12 vs 67±12, respectively). They more often had hypertension (55% vs 45%) and were more often prescribed diuretics (58% vs 51%) than men. However, the prevalence of diabetes (13% vs 20%), coronary heart disease (8% vs 19%) and previous coronary interventions (8% vs 23%) was lower compared with men. Women more often presented with HFpEF (49% vs 25%) and less often with HFrEF (29% vs 47%) than men (table 1).

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population

	Women(n=561)	Men(n=615)
General (mean (SD) or median (IQR))
Age (years)	71 (12)	67 (12)
Ethnicity, n (%)
Native Dutch	471 (84.0)	478 (77.7)
First-generation immigrant	54 (9.6)	88 (14.3)
Second-generation immigrant	36 (6.4)	49 (8.0)
Income (€)	17,435(10,733–26,391)	32,351(18,545–46,647)
Current smoker, n (%)	158 (28.2)	167 (27.2)
Ejection fraction, n (%)	162 (28.9)	291 (47.3)
<40%	86 (15.3)	123 (20.0)
40%–49%	272 (48.5)	155 (25.2)
≥50% not recorded	41 (7.3)	46 (7.5)
Medical history and comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	309 (55.1)	274 (44.6)
Diabetes mellitus	74 (13.2)	122 (19.8)
Coronary heart disease	42 (7.5)	118 (19.2)
Cerebrovascular disease	47 (8.4)	52 (8.5)
Cardiovascular intervention	47 (8.4)	140 (22.8)
Arrhythmia	116 (20.7)	154 (25.0)
Valvular heart disease	50 (8.9)	62 (10.1)
Clinical measures (mean (SD) or median (IQR))
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)	27.5 (5.6)	28.1 (4.7)
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	150 (26)	146 (24)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	88 (14)	88 (15)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.02 (1.13)	4.55 (1.13)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.40 (1.00–2.10)	1.60 [(.10–2.20)
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2)	65 (27)	66 (28)
Medication prescribed at baseline, n (%)
ACEI/ARB	428 (76.3)	506 (82.3)
Beta blocker	381 (67.9)	414 (67.3)
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist	74 (13.2)	104 (16.9)
Diuretic	325 (57.9)	314 (51.1)
Number of medication classes prescribed
1	261 (46.5)	251 (41.1)
2	251 (44.7)	286 (46.5)
3	49 (8.7)	76 (12.4)

ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker.

Sex-specific current dosing practice

At baseline, 76% of women and 82% of men received ACEI/ARBs. These percentages were 68% and 67% for beta blockers and 13% and 17% for MRAs, respectively (table 1). Over time, the 1176 patients in our cohort received 2768 medication prescriptions (46% for women) with an average of 1.5 prescriptions per patient. Only 15% of prescriptions were given at ≥100% target dose in both sexes. The median dose for all three medication categories was similar between the sexes (table 2). Seventy-nine per cent of women vs 86% of men with HFrEF received ACEI/ARBs, compared with 77% vs 81% in HFpEF, respectively. For beta blockers, these percentages were 78% vs 75% for HFrEF and 60% vs 45% for HFpEF, respectively (online supplemental table 1).

Table 2

Characteristics of all medication prescriptions in the study population

	Women(n=1276)	Men(n=1492)
Medication group, n (%)
ACEI/ARB	619 (48.5)	724 (48.5)
Beta blocker	571 (44.7)	644 (43.2)
MRA	86 (6.7)	124 (8.3)
Target dose group, n (%)
1%–49%	564 (44.2)	654 (43.8)
50%–99%	513 (40.2)	608 (40.8)
100% or higher	199 (15.6)	230 (15.4)
Median target dose baseline prescriptions (IQR)
ACEI/ARB	50 (25.0–66.70)	50 (25.00–57.10)
Beta blocker	25 (25.00–50.00)	25 (25.00–50.00)
MRA	50 (50.00–50.00)	50 (50.00–50.00)

ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.

The natural cubic spline analysis showed that the average dose over consecutive ACEI/ARB and beta-blocker prescriptions remained stable around 50% of target dose for both sexes, despite some individual patients having dosages of ≥100% target dose. MRA prescriptions had an upward trend in both sexes and reached 100% after three or four consecutive prescriptions (figure 2).

Figure 2

Percentage of target dose across consecutive medication prescriptions.

Relationship between target dose and all-cause mortality

The median follow-up time was 3.7 years (2.5–5.9) and 252 patients (48% women) died during follow-up, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death (49%). Due to the low number of MRA prescriptions, these were excluded from the survival analyses. Online supplemental table 1 shows the number of women and men included in each analysis. The interaction terms for sex and dose were not statistically significant, and neither were the restricted cubic spline analyses.

ACEIs/angiotensin II receptor blockers

In all patients with HF, the inverse probability-weighted (IPW) mortality risk was similar in the <50% target dose group and the reference group (HR=1.01, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.33). The results were the same for women and men (table 3). For HFrEF, the mortality risk was lower in the <50% target dose group. This was statistically significant in the whole cohort (HR=0.63, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.96) and in women (HR=0.49, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.99) but not in men (HR=0.76, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.28). For HFpEF, the mortality risk was not significantly different between the <50% target dose group and the reference group (HR=1.02, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.84). The restricted cubic spline suggested women had lower mortality risk at lower doses, whereas men had lower mortality risk at higher doses (figure 3A, C and online supplemental figure 1A).

Table 3

General and sex-specific HRs for the relationship between percentage of target dose and all-cause mortality stratified by HF subtype

	All HF subtypes		HFrEF		HFpEF
	Crude HR(95% CI)	Adjusted HR(95% CI)	Crude HR(95% CI)	Adjusted HR(95% CI)	Crude HR(95% CI)	Adjusted HR(95% CI)
Whole cohort
ACEI/ARB
<50% of target dose	1.07 (0.81 to 1.42)p=0.62	1.01 (0.76 to 1.33)p=0.96	0.71 (0.47 to 1.07)p=0.10	0.63 (0.42 to 0.96)p=0.03	0.92 (0.50 to 1.68)p=0.79	1.02 (0.57 to 1.84)p=0.94
≥50% of target dose (ref)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Beta blockers
<50% of target dose	1.00 (0.75 to 1.35)p=0.97	1.05 (0.78 to 1.41)p=0.75	0.91 (0.57 to 1.45)p=0.68	0.99 (0.62 to 1.59)p=0.96	1.17 (0.62 to 2.21)p=0.63	1.27 (0.69 to 2.35)p=0.44
≥50% of target dose (ref)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Women
ACEI/ARB
<50% of target dose	1.07 (0.70 to 1.63)p=0.76	1.05 (0.69 to 1.60)p=0.82	0.54 (0.28 to 1.03)p=0.06	0.49 (0.25 to 0.99)p=0.05	0.70 (0.30 to 1.64)p=0.41	0.75 (0.32 to 1.73)p=0.50
≥50% of target dose (ref)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Beta blockers
<50% of target dose	1.09 (0.71 to 1.66)p=0.69	1.10 (0.72 to 1.68)p=0.66	0.96 (0.47 to 1.95)p=0.92	1.06 (0.51 to 2.20)p=0.88	1.54 (0.72 to 3.29)p=0.27	1.62 (0.77 to 3.40)p=0.21
≥50% of target dose (ref)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Men
ACEI/ARB
<50% of target dose	1.10 (0.75 to 1.59)p=0.63	1.00 (0.69 to 1.44)p=0.98	0.88 (0.52 to 1.49)p=0.64	0.76 (0.45 to 1.28)p=0.30	1.35 (0.57 to 3.21)p=0.50	1.48 (0.64 to 3.44)p=0.36
≥50% of target dose (ref)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Beta blockers
<50% of target dose	0.93 (0.62 to 1.41)p=0.74	1.00 (0.67 to 1.51)p=0.98	0.88 (0.47 to 1.63)p=0.68	0.95 (0.51 to 1.76)p=0.86	0.62 (0.19 to 2.09)p=0.44	0.75 (0.24 to 2.29)p=0.61
≥50% of target dose (ref)	1	1	1	1	1	1

ACEI, ACE inhibitor; AR, angiotensin II receptor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ref, reference.

Figure 3

Sex-specific relationship between percentage of target dose and all-cause mortality risk for ACE inhibitors/ARBs in all HF subtypes (A) and HFrEF (C), and beta blockers in all HF subtypes (B) and HFrEF (D). The distribution of percentage of target dose in the population is given by the density plots on the bottom. The coloured solid lines represent the estimated HR across the range of target dose, and the coloured dashed lines represent the 95% CIs. The black dashed line shows the line of no effect (HR=1). The cubic spline is by default linear before the first knot, which may be interpreted as no dose (target dose 0%) being better than any dose. However, this is an artefact of the cubic spline and thus should not be interpreted as suggesting no dose is better than any dose. ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Beta blockers

In all patients with HF, there was no difference in IPW mortality risk between the <50% target dose group and the reference group in the whole population (HR=1.05, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.41). The sex-stratified results were similar (table 3). There was no association between dosage and all-cause mortality in HFrEF (HR=0.99, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) or in HFpEF (HR=1.27, 95% CI 0.69 to 2.35). The restricted cubic spline suggested women had lower mortality risk at both extremes of the dose spectrum, whereas men had lower mortality risk at intermediate doses (figure 3B, D and online supplemental figure 1B).

Sensitivity analysis

Performing our analysis in the subgroup of patients with a cardiologist diagnosis of HF or decompensatio cordis (n=814) did not significantly change our results and neither did including HFmrEF patients as HFpEF (online supplemental table 2 and figure 2). The five different target dose categories showed similar results to our main analyses, except for the cohort-based tertiles, which showed a statistically significantly higher mortality risk in the 50%–75% beta-blocker dosage group in the whole cohort (HR=1.70, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.44) and women (HR=2.25, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.38) but not in men (HR=1.29, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.21) (online supplemental table 3).

Discussion

The majority of patients with HF in our study received 50% of the guideline-recommended medication dose. Lower ACEI/ARB dose was associated with the best survival outcomes in women with HFrEF but not men. Beta-blocker dosage was not associated with survival in HFrEF. There was no association between medication dosage and survival in HFpEF (figure 4).

Figure 4

Central figure summarising the design and main findings of this study.

The main strength of our study is the large outpatient population that reflects current practice and covers a wide range of patients with HF with respect to sex, comorbidities and HF subtype, including patients with mild HF that are not often recruited for studies.19 The prevalence of HF in the CCN population is low (3.5%) and the patients included in our study seem healthier than those in other HF populations as their mortality rate was 21% over a median follow-up of 3.7 years. This is lower than the 52% 5-year mortality observed in a population-based cohort from the UK20 and the 17% 1-year mortality seen across European patients hospitalised for HF.21 The main limitation of our study is that data collection and active follow-up were driven by medical need and thus not performed systematically. Despite our efforts to control for indication bias through IPW, residual confounding could have remained and we cannot conclude our observations are causal. Information on medication trajectory was not complete for each patient, so we could not adjust for changes in regimen or evaluate the effect of medication combinations. We excluded patients not receiving medications of interest to reduce risk of bias and thus could not add a ‘no-dose’ group to our analyses. Sacubitril/valsartan was excluded as it was scarcely prescribed. We did not record HF hospitalisation, quality of life (QoL) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Gender was not specifically collected, but we did not observe any differences between women and men in prescription behaviour in our cohort.

We found that women with HFrEF receiving <50% of the guideline-recommended ACEI/ARB target dose had a better prognosis than women receiving higher doses. The cubic spline analysis also suggested women might do better on lower dosages, while men may have a better prognosis on higher dosages, in line with previous findings.11 Literature has not identified definite sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for ACEI/ARBs,22 although pharmacogenomic data suggest the risk of ACEI-specific side effects may be influenced by sex.23 Despite this uncertainty about the biological mechanisms underlying our observations, our findings support the hypothesis that sex-specific ACEI/ARB target doses might benefit patients with HFrEF. Prospective dose-finding trials are needed to determine the exact optimal dosage. Importantly, our findings are based on patients with HF with above-average survival situated between the GP and the hospital and may therefore not be generalisable to patients with more severe HF.

In contrast to previous work,11 we did not find an association between beta-blocker dosage and mortality risk in patients with HFrEF. This was surprising because women have a lower distribution volume and slower clearance for this medication, which results in higher beta-blocker blood concentrations compared with men.22These unintentional higher doses may lead to ADRs that negatively affect medication adherence and long-term prognosis,24 which advocates for sex-specific dosing. The cubic spline for beta blockers even showed a trend opposite to the previous study, with women doing better at higher doses. This might be an artefact due to the lower sample size or because of residual confounding.

Alternatively, the lack of association between dosage and all-cause mortality may be explained by the low prevalence of prior cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities in our population. Data on the effectiveness of guideline-recommended treatment in relatively healthy patients with HF treated by a GP are scarce.19 A meta-analysis of HF trials showed that treatment with ACEIs, beta blockers and MRAs reduced mortality risk equally for all New York Heart Association classes.25 However, the only trial that focused specifically on patients with mild HF (defined here as patients with asymptomatic LV dysfunction) found no difference in all-cause mortality between treatment and placebo.26 ACEI treatment did reduce HF-related hospitalisations in those with mild HF and the incidence of HF in those with reduced EF but no symptoms,26 suggesting all-cause mortality might not be the most clinically relevant outcome in our HF population. Future work should include HF hospitalisations and QoL outcomes.

ADRs are an important component of QoL related to medication dosage. ADR risk varies both between women and men and across the spectrum of HF due to inherent biological differences and physiological changes that occur as HF progresses.22 27 Treating physicians may prefer dosages with lower ADR risk, especially when the benefit of a higher dose is not readily apparent. This may explain why only 15% of prescriptions in our population were at ≥100% target dose and why ACEI/ARBs and beta blockers were not uptitrated over time. In a previous study, only 25% of ACEI/ARB treated patients and 14% of beta blocker-treated patients reached the target dose after an uptitration phase of 3 months.11 Similarly, in a large HFrEF registry, approximately 25% of ACEI/ARB prescriptions and 45% of beta-blocker prescriptions were given at <50% of target dose.12 Data on the (sex-specific) relationship between HF medication dosage and ADRs is still scarce, partially due to poor reporting28 29 but also because ADRs are rarely recorded in electronic health records. Better quality sex-specific data are needed to evaluate whether ADRs are indeed one of the main reasons for not uptitrating HF medication and whether a sex-specific approach to dosage could alleviate this.

Conclusion

The majority of women and men with HF seen at cardiology outpatient clinics received half of the guideline-recommended medication dose. This dose was associated with improved survival in women with HFrEF for ACEI/ARBs but not for beta blockers. Dose was not associated with survival in patients with HFpEF regardless of sex. These results are not conclusive and underscore the need for dose-finding trials to (re)define optimal medical therapy for women with HFrEF.

The current ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to medication dosage in heart failure (HF) is debated because of known sex differences in drug metabolism and scarcity of sex-specific trial data.

A recent study based on two heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) cohorts suggested women may reach optimal treatment effect at half of the guideline-recommended medication dose.

On average, prescriptions for both women and men remained at 50% of the guideline-recommended target dose for ACE inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin-receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs) or beta blockers.

Lower dosage (<50% of target dose) of ACEI/ARBs was associated with better survival in women but not in men with HFrEF. There was no association between beta-blocker dosage and survival in patients with HFrEF of either sex.

There was no association between medication dosage and survival in patients with HFpEF of either sex.

These results underscore the importance of (re)defining optimal medical therapy for women with HFrEF.