Jason M Nagata1, Emilio J Compte2,3, F Hunter McGuire4, Jason M Lavender5,6, Tiffany A Brown7,8, Stuart B Murray9, Annesa Flentje10,11,12, Matthew R Capriotti12,13, Micah E Lubensky10,12, Juno Obedin-Maliver12,14,15, Mitchell R Lunn12,15,16. 1. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. jasonmnagata@gmail.com. 2. Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile. 3. Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico. 4. The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. 5. Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 6. The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA. 7. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. 8. San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA. 9. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 10. Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 11. Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 12. The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. 13. Department of Psychology, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA. 14. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. 15. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. 16. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of heightened body image-related concerns among gender minority populations, little is known about the degree of MD symptoms among gender minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to assess community norms of the MDDI in gender-expansive people, transgender men, and transgender women. METHOD: Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people, were examined. We calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores among gender-expansive people (i.e., those who identify outside of the binary system of man or woman; n = 1023), transgender men (n = 326), and transgender women (n = 177). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess group differences and post hoc Dunn's tests were used to examine pairwise differences. RESULTS: Transgender men reported the highest mean MDDI total score (30.5 ± 7.5), followed by gender-expansive people (27.2 ± 6.7), then transgender women (24.6 ± 5.7). The differences in total MDDI score were driven largely by the Drive for Size subscale and, to a lesser extent, the Functional Impairment subscale. There were no significant differences in the Appearance Intolerance subscale among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Transgender men reported higher Drive for Size, Functional Impairment, and Total MDDI scores compared to gender-expansive people and transgender women. These norms provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among gender minorities and can aid researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of MDDI scores among gender minority populations.
PURPOSE: Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of heightened body image-related concerns among gender minority populations, little is known about the degree of MD symptoms among gender minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to assess community norms of the MDDI in gender-expansive people, transgender men, and transgender women. METHOD: Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people, were examined. We calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores among gender-expansive people (i.e., those who identify outside of the binary system of man or woman; n = 1023), transgender men (n = 326), and transgender women (n = 177). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess group differences and post hoc Dunn's tests were used to examine pairwise differences. RESULTS: Transgender men reported the highest mean MDDI total score (30.5 ± 7.5), followed by gender-expansive people (27.2 ± 6.7), then transgender women (24.6 ± 5.7). The differences in total MDDI score were driven largely by the Drive for Size subscale and, to a lesser extent, the Functional Impairment subscale. There were no significant differences in the Appearance Intolerance subscale among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Transgender men reported higher Drive for Size, Functional Impairment, and Total MDDI scores compared to gender-expansive people and transgender women. These norms provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among gender minorities and can aid researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of MDDI scores among gender minority populations.
Authors: Emilio J Compte; Jason M Nagata; Ana R Sepúlveda; Andrés Rivas; Lara S Sbdar; Sol Menga; Robin Rica; Fernando Torrente; Stuart B Murray Journal: Body Image Date: 2019-08-17
Authors: Mitchell R Lunn; Jason M Nagata; Emilio J Compte; Chloe J Cattle; Jason M Lavender; Tiffany A Brown; Stuart B Murray; Matthew R Capriotti; Annesa Flentje; Micah E Lubensky; Juno Obedin-Maliver Journal: J Eat Disord Date: 2022-07-06
Authors: Jason M Nagata; F Hunter McGuire; Jason M Lavender; Tiffany A Brown; Stuart B Murray; Richard E Greene; Emilio J Compte; Annesa Flentje; Micah E Lubensky; Juno Obedin-Maliver; Mitchell R Lunn Journal: Int J Eat Disord Date: 2022-03-30 Impact factor: 5.791