Nikolai Macnee1,2, Elena Hilario1, Jibran Tahir3, Alastair Currie4, Ben Warren1, Ria Rebstock1, Ian C Hallett1, David Chagné3, Robert J Schaffer2,4, Sean M Bulley5. 1. The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd. (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. 2. School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1146, New Zealand. 3. PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. 4. PFR, 55 Old Mill Road, RD3, Motueka, 7198, New Zealand. 5. PFR, 412 No 1 Road RD 2, Te Puke, 3182, New Zealand. sean.bulley@plantandfood.co.nz.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The skin (exocarp) of fleshy fruit is hugely diverse across species. Most fruit types have a live epidermal skin covered by a layer of cuticle made up of cutin while a few create an outermost layer of dead cells (peridermal layer). RESULTS: In this study we undertook crosses between epidermal and peridermal skinned kiwifruit, and showed that epidermal skin is a semi-dominant trait. Furthermore, backcrossing these epidermal skinned hybrids to a peridermal skinned fruit created a diverse range of phenotypes ranging from epidermal skinned fruit, through fruit with varying degrees of patches of periderm (russeting), to fruit with a complete periderm. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of this population suggested that periderm formation was associated with four loci. These QTLs were aligned either to ones associated with russet formation on chromosome 19 and 24, or cuticle integrity and coverage located on chromosomes 3, 11 and 24. CONCLUSION: From the segregation of skin type and QTL analysis, it appears that skin development in kiwifruit is controlled by two competing factors, cuticle strength and propensity to russet. A strong cuticle will inhibit russeting while a strong propensity to russet can create a continuous dead skinned periderm.
BACKGROUND: The skin (exocarp) of fleshy fruit is hugely diverse across species. Most fruit types have a live epidermal skin covered by a layer of cuticle made up of cutin while a few create an outermost layer of dead cells (peridermal layer). RESULTS: In this study we undertook crosses between epidermal and peridermal skinned kiwifruit, and showed that epidermal skin is a semi-dominant trait. Furthermore, backcrossing these epidermal skinned hybrids to a peridermal skinned fruit created a diverse range of phenotypes ranging from epidermal skinned fruit, through fruit with varying degrees of patches of periderm (russeting), to fruit with a complete periderm. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of this population suggested that periderm formation was associated with four loci. These QTLs were aligned either to ones associated with russet formation on chromosome 19 and 24, or cuticle integrity and coverage located on chromosomes 3, 11 and 24. CONCLUSION: From the segregation of skin type and QTL analysis, it appears that skin development in kiwifruit is controlled by two competing factors, cuticle strength and propensity to russet. A strong cuticle will inhibit russeting while a strong propensity to russet can create a continuous dead skinned periderm.
Authors: David Bird; Fred Beisson; Alexandra Brigham; John Shin; Stephen Greer; Reinhard Jetter; Ljerka Kunst; Xuemin Wu; Alexander Yephremov; Lacey Samuels Journal: Plant J Date: 2007-08-28 Impact factor: 6.417
Authors: Ken G Dodds; John C McEwan; Rudiger Brauning; Rayna M Anderson; Tracey C van Stijn; Theodor Kristjánsson; Shannon M Clarke Journal: BMC Genomics Date: 2015-12-09 Impact factor: 3.969
Authors: Ross N Crowhurst; Andrew P Gleave; Elspeth A MacRae; Charles Ampomah-Dwamena; Ross G Atkinson; Lesley L Beuning; Sean M Bulley; David Chagne; Ken B Marsh; Adam J Matich; Mirco Montefiori; Richard D Newcomb; Robert J Schaffer; Björn Usadel; Andrew C Allan; Helen L Boldingh; Judith H Bowen; Marcus W Davy; Rheinhart Eckloff; A Ross Ferguson; Lena G Fraser; Emma Gera; Roger P Hellens; Bart J Janssen; Karin Klages; Kim R Lo; Robin M MacDiarmid; Bhawana Nain; Mark A McNeilage; Maysoon Rassam; Annette C Richardson; Erik Ha Rikkerink; Gavin S Ross; Roswitha Schröder; Kimberley C Snowden; Edwige J F Souleyre; Matt D Templeton; Eric F Walton; Daisy Wang; Mindy Y Wang; Yanming Y Wang; Marion Wood; Rongmei Wu; Yar-Khing Yauk; William A Laing Journal: BMC Genomics Date: 2008-07-27 Impact factor: 3.969