Renelle Myers1, Michael Brauer2, Trevor Dummer3, Sukhinder Atkar-Khattra4, John Yee5, Barbara Melosky6, Cheryl Ho6, Anna L McGuire5, Sophie Sun6, Kyle Grant5, Alexander Lee5, Martha Lee2, Weiran Yuchi2, Martin Tammemagi7, Stephen Lam8. 1. Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 2. Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 3. Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Practice (EBPHP) Division, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 4. Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 5. Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 6. Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 7. Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 8. Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: slam@bccancer.bc.ca.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Air pollution may play an important role in the development of lung cancer in people who have never smoked, especially among East Asian women. The aim of this study was to compare cumulative ambient air pollution exposure between ever and never smokers with lung cancer. METHODS: A consecutive case series of never and ever smokers with newly diagnosed lung cancer were compared regarding their sex, race, and outdoor and household air pollution exposure. Using individual residential history, cumulative exposure to outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5) in a period of 20 years was quantified with a high-spatial resolution global exposure model. RESULTS: Of the 1005 patients with lung cancer, 56% were females and 33% were never smokers. Compared with ever smokers with lung cancer, never smokers with lung cancer were significantly younger, more frequently Asian, less likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or a family history of lung cancer, and had higher exposure to outdoor PM2.5 but lower exposure to secondhand smoke. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association with never-smoking patients with lung cancer and being female (OR = 4.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.76-5.82, p < 0.001), being Asian (ORAsian versus non-Asian = 6.48, 95% CI: 4.42-9.50, p < 0.001), and having greater exposure to air pollution (ORln_PM2.5 = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.10-7.2.90, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with ever-smoking patients with lung cancer, never-smoking patients had strong associations with being female, being Asian, and having air pollution exposures. Our results suggest that incorporation of cumulative exposure to ambient air pollutants be considered when assessing lung cancer risk in combination with traditional risk factors.
INTRODUCTION: Air pollution may play an important role in the development of lung cancer in people who have never smoked, especially among East Asian women. The aim of this study was to compare cumulative ambient air pollution exposure between ever and never smokers with lung cancer. METHODS: A consecutive case series of never and ever smokers with newly diagnosed lung cancer were compared regarding their sex, race, and outdoor and household air pollution exposure. Using individual residential history, cumulative exposure to outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5) in a period of 20 years was quantified with a high-spatial resolution global exposure model. RESULTS: Of the 1005 patients with lung cancer, 56% were females and 33% were never smokers. Compared with ever smokers with lung cancer, never smokers with lung cancer were significantly younger, more frequently Asian, less likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or a family history of lung cancer, and had higher exposure to outdoor PM2.5 but lower exposure to secondhand smoke. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association with never-smoking patients with lung cancer and being female (OR = 4.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.76-5.82, p < 0.001), being Asian (ORAsian versus non-Asian = 6.48, 95% CI: 4.42-9.50, p < 0.001), and having greater exposure to air pollution (ORln_PM2.5 = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.10-7.2.90, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with ever-smoking patients with lung cancer, never-smoking patients had strong associations with being female, being Asian, and having air pollution exposures. Our results suggest that incorporation of cumulative exposure to ambient air pollutants be considered when assessing lung cancer risk in combination with traditional risk factors.