Yasaman Motlaghzadeh1, John P Bilezikian2, Deborah E Sellmeyer1. 1. Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA. 2. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the etiologies in 90% of cases of hypercalcemia. When these entities are not the etiology of hypercalcemia, uncommon conditions need to be considered. In 2005, Jacobs and Bilezikian published a clinical review of rare causes of hypercalcemia, focusing on mechanisms and pathophysiology. This review is an updated synopsis of rare causes of hypercalcemia, extending the observations of the original article. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Articles reporting rare associations between hypercalcemia and unusual conditions were identified through a comprehensive extensive PubMed-based search using the search terms "hypercalcemia" and "etiology," as well as examining the references in the identified case reports. We categorized the reports by adults vs pediatric and further categorized the adult reports based on etiology. Some included reports lacked definitive assessment of etiology and are reported as unknown mechanism with discussion of likely etiology. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: There is a growing understanding of the breadth of unusual causes of hypercalcemia. When the cause of hypercalcemia is elusive, a focus on mechanism and review of prior reported cases is key to successful determination of the etiology. CONCLUSIONS: The ever-expanding reports of patients with rare and even unknown mechanisms of hypercalcemia illustrate the need for continued investigation into the complexities of human calcium metabolism.
CONTEXT: Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the etiologies in 90% of cases of hypercalcemia. When these entities are not the etiology of hypercalcemia, uncommon conditions need to be considered. In 2005, Jacobs and Bilezikian published a clinical review of rare causes of hypercalcemia, focusing on mechanisms and pathophysiology. This review is an updated synopsis of rare causes of hypercalcemia, extending the observations of the original article. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Articles reporting rare associations between hypercalcemia and unusual conditions were identified through a comprehensive extensive PubMed-based search using the search terms "hypercalcemia" and "etiology," as well as examining the references in the identified case reports. We categorized the reports by adults vs pediatric and further categorized the adult reports based on etiology. Some included reports lacked definitive assessment of etiology and are reported as unknown mechanism with discussion of likely etiology. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: There is a growing understanding of the breadth of unusual causes of hypercalcemia. When the cause of hypercalcemia is elusive, a focus on mechanism and review of prior reported cases is key to successful determination of the etiology. CONCLUSIONS: The ever-expanding reports of patients with rare and even unknown mechanisms of hypercalcemia illustrate the need for continued investigation into the complexities of human calcium metabolism.
Authors: Yiraldine Herrera-Martínez; María José Contreras González; Sergio Pedraza-Arévalo; Maria Del Carmen Guerrero Martínez; Ángela Rodrigo Martínez; Alberto González Menchen; Maria Angeles Blanco Molina; Maria Angeles Gálvez-Moreno; Alberto L Moreno-Vega; Raúl M Luque; Aura D Herrera-Martínez Journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Date: 2022-01-26 Impact factor: 5.555
Authors: Joanna Hubska; Urszula Shahnazaryan; Marek Rosłon; Benedykt Szczepankiewicz; Kostiantyn Nikiforow; Marcin Pisarek; Małgorzata Barnaś; Urszula Ambroziak Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-10-09 Impact factor: 4.614