An Optimized Integrin α6-Targeted Magnetic Resonance Probe for Molecular Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Integrin α6 is an attractive diagnostic biomarker for molecular imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as it has an extremely high positive rate (approximately 94%) in clinical early-stage HCC. In this study, based on our previously identified integrin α6-targeted peptide, we developed an optimized integrin α6-targeted magnetic resonance (MR) probe dubbed DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR for MR imaging of HCC in mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The longitudinal (R1) relaxivity of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was measured on a 3.0 T MR system . The specific tumor enhancement of the agent was investigated in four distinct mouse models, including subcutaneous, orthotopic, genetically engineered and chemically induced HCC mice.
RESULTS: The R1 relaxivity value of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR is 5.11 mM-1s-1 at 3.0 T, which is similar to that of the nonspecific clinical agent Gadoteridol. DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR generated superior enhanced MR signal in HCC lesions and provided complementary enhancement MR signals to the clinically available hepatobiliary MR contrast agent gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA). Importantly, DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR could efficiently visualize small HCC lesion (approximately 1 mm) which was hardly detected by the clinical Gd-EOB-DTPA.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the potential application of this integrin α6-targeted MR probe for the detection of HCC, particularly for small HCC.

Introduction

Liver cancers are the sixth most common cancer and the fourth-leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the dominant histologic type of liver cancers, accounting for 75–85% of liver cancer cases.1 HCC usually develops in patients with cirrhosis related to various etiologies, of which chronic infection by hepatitis B or C viruses is the leading cause, followed by alcohol consumption and fatty liver disease associated with metabolic defect.2,3 The prognosis of HCC largely depends on the stage at which the tumor is detected.4 For patients with early-stage HCC (BCLC stage 0 or A), the 5-year survival rate after curative resection exceeds 60%.5 However, for patients with advanced and terminal stage HCC, the median overall survivals are only 11 and ~3 months, respectively.6 Unfortunately, only a minority of patients are diagnosed with resectable HCC, approximately 80% of HCC patients have advanced unresectable or metastatic at diagnosis.7 Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve the survival rates and prognosis in HCC.

Currently, the diagnosis of HCC is traditionally based on serum biomarkers and/or imaging tests. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is the most commonly used of serum biomarkers for HCC diagnosis, but the sensitivity and specificity are only 41–65% and 80–90%.8,9 Traditional imaging modalities that have clinical relevance in HCC diagnosis include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.10,11 US has been extensively used as the preferred imaging modality for screening HCC, with a sensitivity ranging from 40% to 80% and a specificity from 82% to 100%.10,12–14 In a meta-analysis of 15 studies on HCC surveillance in patients with cirrhosis, the pooled sensitivity of US for early-stage HCC detection is only 47%.14 Multi-phase CT or MR imaging has been the standard method for HCC diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 68–91% and 77–100%.15,16 The sensitivities of these anatomic imaging modalities vary according to the size of the liver nodule.17 MR imaging offers a higher sensitivity in diagnosing HCC compared to CT, but the sensitivity of MR imaging was only 44% for small (1–2 cm) and 15% for subcentimetric (<1 cm) focal liver lesions.13,16 The above traditional imaging modalities can only acquire anatomical information of HCC, which is difficult to detect small HCC at early stage. Molecular imaging can provide both functional and anatomical information, which may contribute to a higher sensitivity of small HCC.18,19 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose is an alternative probe for molecular imaging that can evaluate metabolic activation in vivo, with a sensitivity of 36–70% for HCC detection.20 Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR imaging has recently been considered as a molecular imaging biomarker of OATP1B3, which has been recommended by many guidelines as an effective method for the detection and characterization of hepatic lesions; however, the per-lesion sensitivity is only 87%.21–23 In addition, Gd-EOB-DTPA is not suitable for detecting extrahepatic metastatic HCC due to its characteristic of hepatocyte-specific uptake.24 Thus, it is desirable to construct imaging probes specifically targeting hepatic tumors instead of liver parenchyma for early liver cancer diagnosis.

Molecular biomarkers overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells are well-validated targets for molecular imaging of cancer. In our previous study, we screened out a peptide CRWYDDENAC (RWY) by phage display technology specific for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and further identified that RWY was binding to integrin α6 which was highly expressed in multiple tumors.25 Integrins, heterodimeric cell-face receptors composed of α and β subunits, are closely related to malignant biological behaviors in tumors including migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis via mediating cell adhesion and signal transduction.26–29 Integrin α6 subunit, encoded by ITGA6 gene in mammals, can be heterodimerized with either integrin β1 subunit or β4 subunit to form integrin α6β1 and α6β4, binding mostly and specifically to the extracellular matrix laminins.29–31 Previous studies indicated that integrin α6 is highly expressed in several tumor tissues and its elevated expression is associated with tumor progression.31–35 Similarly, integrin α6 is reported to be highly expressed in HCC, and associated with poor prognosis and worse malignancy.36–39 Further, we investigated the transcriptional and translational levels of integrin α6 in HCC by using bioinformatics analysis of GEPIA database () and found that integrin α6 expression was significantly higher in early-stage HCC tissues (up to 94% integrin α6 positive) than in paired adjacent normal tissues.40 Therefore, integrin α6 could represent an ideal cancer-specific target for early-stage HCC diagnosis. On this basis, we have translated the integrin α6 RWY peptide into an MR contrast agent RWY-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 for MR imaging of HCC in subcutaneous and chemically induced HCC mice.41 Although our previous study has demonstrated the efficacy of integrin α6-targeted RWY-based MR contrast agent for MR imaging of small HCC, the safety and contrast enhancement of RWY-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 still need to be improved. Improving the safety and the contrast-enhancement of molecular probe may be achieved by improving its hydrophilicity and the targeting. More recently, we obtained a peptide CRWYDANAC(S5) with higher affinity by alanine scanning, which provides a critical raw material for the second-generation integrin α6-targeted peptide probe.42 With high thermodynamic and kinetic stability, macrocyclic Gd(III) chelates exhibit higher biosafety and are increasingly used for synthesis of MR contrast agents.43 In this study, we develop an optimized integrin α6-targeted MR contrast agent DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR based on reverse S5 peptide and macrocyclic Gd(III) chelates for MR imaging of HCC in subcutaneous, orthotopic, genetically engineered and chemically induced HCC mice.

Materials and Methods

Cells and Animal Models

Human HCC cell line HCC-LM3 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). To facilitate monitoring, luminescent cells HCC-LM3-luciferase cells were generated by stable transfection with luciferase. Cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.5% penicillin-streptomycin and incubated at 37 °C/5% CO2. Female BALB/c nude mice (4 weeks old) and C57BL6 mice (4 weeks old) were purchased from Vita River, Charles River Laboratories China (Beijing, China). All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (IACUC approval number L102022020006Y). During the animal experiment, the welfare and treatment of the laboratory animals were followed to “Animal management regulations of China” and “Guangdong experimental animal management regulations”, which were published by State Scientific and Technological Commission of The People’s Republic of China and People’s Government of Guangdong Province, respectively. All the mice models were established according to our previously published methods.40,41,44

Preparation of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR

The optimized reverse integrin α6-targeted peptide S5 was synthesized by Chinese Peptide Company (Hangzhou, China) using standard Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis. The synthesis method of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was based on a previous study from our group and others, with slight modifications.41,43 Briefly, DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was synthesized through condensation reaction between carboxyl groups in DOTA and amine groups in reverse S5. The crude product was eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile. Finally, the end product was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). The longitudinal (R1) relaxivity of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was measured on a 3.0 T MR system (Achieva, 3.0 T, Philips).

In vivo MR Imaging

MR imaging was performed using a Philips Achieva 3.0 T system. Mice were anesthetized with 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol (100µL/g), fixed on the holder and placed into the mouse-imaging coil. At the beginning of scanning, sagittal section images using a localized sequence were obtained to target the HCC lesion. DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR or control agent was delivered by tail vein at a dose of 0.03 mmol of Gd/kg for T1-weighted image  in subcutaneous HCC-LM3 tumor-bearing mice, orthotopic HCC-LM3-luciferase tumor-bearing mice, c-Myc transgenic mice and DEN-induced HCC mice. Either nonspecific clinical agent Gadoteridol or hepatocyte-specific contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA (Primovist, Bayer, Germany) was used as a control. On two separate days, mice received either control enhance-agent (0.03 mmol of Gd/kg) or DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR (0.03 mmol of Gd/kg) and MR imaging, with at least 3 days between scans to ensure most of the gadolinium was cleared. Axial T1-weighted images were acquired by using a turbo spin echo sequence with the following parameters: TR/TE = 450/15.4 ms; FOV = 4.0 cm; slice thickness= 1 mm; slice spacing = 0.5; pixel spacing = 0.234 mm × 0.234 mm; matrix = 128×128.

Immunohistochemistry

At the end of the imaging experiments, all mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the liver were excised to prepare paraffin sections. Paraffin sections (3μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for routine histologic practice. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed following conventional procedure, as we reported previously.40 In short, paraffin sections were dewaxed into xylene, rehydrated through graded alcohol, and microwaved for antigen retrieval. Blocking to inhibit endogenous peroxidase activity and nonspecific bind, the sections were incubated with an anti-integrin α6 antibody (Abcam, ab181551, 1:150) overnight at 4°C, followed by an HRP-conjugated polyclonal secondary antibody (1:200) at room temperature for 1 h. Finally, the positive immunoreactivity was visualized by staining with DAB (Zhongshan Jinqiao, ZLI-9017, China) and observed under a microscope (Nikon Eclipse, Japan).

Image Processing and Analysis

Image analysis was performed using RadiAnt DICOM Viewer (2020.1.1). Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in the HCC was based on the average signal intensity divided by the standard deviation of noise level and calculated according to the previously described formula.41 CNR-Times curves were plotted using the GraphPad Prism 7 software (GraphPad Software Inc., California). Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 19.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The P values were calculated using two-tailed Student’s t-test. Significance levels are given as follows: NS P>0.05, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Results

Synthesis and Characterization

To improve the contrast-enhancement, we optimized the structure and synthesis of integrin α6-targeted MR probe RWY-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 according to previous reports.42,43 Here, we optimized the synthetic procedure of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR via direct condensation reaction between carboxyl groups in DOTA and amine groups in the reverse S5, thereby rendering the reaction step simpler and the product yields higher. The chemical structure of the optimized integrin α6-targeted MR probe DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR is shown in Figure 1A. The chemical structure of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR showed that it has one reverse integrin α6-targeted peptide S5 for tumor targeting, which has a 1.5-fold order higher tumor binding affinity than RWY.42 The purity of the synthesized compound was over 95% (Figure 1B) by HPLC. DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and had molecular weight in good agreement with the calculated values (Figure 1C). The plots of the R1 versus the concentrations of the contrast agent at 3.0 T are shown in Figure 1D. The R1 relaxivity value of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR is 5.11 mM−1s−1 at 3.0 T. DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR and nonspecific clinical agent Gadoteridol have similar relaxivity values at 3.0 T.45

Figure 1

Chemical structure and characterization of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. (A) chemical structure of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. (B) HPLC analysis of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. (C) MALDI-TOF mass spectra of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. (D) Plots of R1 (1/T1) versus different gadolinium concentration of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. (E) Flowchart of the study design.

MR Imaging in Subcutaneous, Orthotopic and Genetically HCC Mice

A flowchart visualizing the MR imaging process is provided in Figure 1E. We first test the contrast enhancement of integrin α6-targeted contrast agent DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR along with the nonspecific clinical agent Gadoteridol for MR imaging in mice bearing subcutaneous HCC-LM3 tumor xenograft. The average tumor size of the subcutaneous HCC mice is 5.99 ± 1.51 mm (n = 3). The T2-weighted coronal MR images were obtained to localize the subcutaneous tumor xenografts. Figure 2A shows a representative coronal T2-weighted MR image before administration. We quantified the enhancement of the agents in HCC tissue using the CNR values (Figure 2B). The quantitative CNR values are shown in Table 1. After the injection of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR, the T1-weighted signal intensity of HCC rapidly enhanced within the first 5 min, then slowly increased, reached a peak at about 30 min and remained prominent for at least 50 min. In contrast, after the injection of Gadoteridol, the signal intensity of HCC rapidly enhanced within the first 5 min, then slowly increased and peaked at about 30 min followed by a decrease at 40 min. In comparison to Gadoteridol, DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR produced more significant enhancement in tumor tissue and provided approximately three times improvement in CNR at 50 min pots-injection (24.76 ± 6.50 vs 8.27 ± 4.23, p = 0.03, n = 3). Representative T1-weighted MR images obtained before and at different time points after intravenous administration of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR or Gadoteridol are shown in Figure 2C.

Figure 2

MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR and Gadoteridol in subcutaneous HCC-LM3 tumor-bearing mice. (A) Representative coronal T2-weighted MR image before administration. The red arrowhead indicated the HCC. (B) Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of tumors before and after injection of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR or Gadoteridol. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student’s t-test. Significance levels are given as: NS P>0.05, *P < 0.05. (C) Representative T1-weighted MR images obtained before and at different time points after intravenous administration of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR or Gadoteridol (The red arrowheads indicated the HCC. The red dotted circles delineated the area of interest that used for CNR analysis).

Table 1

The CNR Values of HCC Lesions Obtained Before and at Different Time Points After Intravenous Administration of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR or Gadoteridol in Subcutaneous HCC Mice

Time (Min)	CNR Value
	Mouse 1		Mouse 2		Mouse 3
	DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR	Gadoteiridol	DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR	Gadoteiridol	DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR	Gadoteiridol
Pre	1.613	3.621	−0.769	0.056	0.200	0.048
5	12.227	5.714	15.000	10.818	18.264	11.915
10	16.750	7.800	17.727	13.711	21.556	7.973
15	21.111	8.387	15.357	11.726	20.816	11.050
20	21.783	11.464	16.207	12.632	18.679	9.315
30	26.286	12.677	22.069	16.918	20.952	10.052
40	28.000	13.500	22.273	15.902	18.112	10.110
50	30.667	3.633	25.806	11.940	17.800	9.241

We also tested contrast enhancement of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR in orthotopic and genetically HCC mice (The average tumor size of the orthotopic and genetically HCC mice is 3.02 ± 1.40 mm, n = 4 and 4.52 ± 1.05 mm, n = 4, respectively). Seventeen days after tumor inoculation, the presence of HCC was confirmed by bioluminescence imaging in a representative orthotopic HCC mouse (Figure 3A). T1-weighted MR images of the representative orthotopic HCC mouse were obtained before and 30 min after DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR injection. To improve visibility, MR signals were displayed in rainbow pseudo color (Figure 3B). As shown in Figure 3B, DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR produced significant contrast enhancement in HCC of the orthotopic HCC mouse (The red arrowheads indicate the orthotopic HCC-LM3 tumor xenografts and the red tailless arrowheads indicate the surgical incision sites).

Figure 3

MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR in an orthotopic HCC-LM3-luciferase tumor-bearing mouse. (A) Representative bioluminescence image in a mouse bearing an HCC lesion. (B) Representative T1-weighted MR images and corresponding rainbow pseudo color images obtained before and 30 min after DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR injection in the same mouse (The red arrowheads indicate the orthotopic HCC-LM3 tumor xenografts and the red tailless arrowheads indicate the surgical incision sites. The red dotted circles indicated the visible HCC).

In a 2-months-old c-Myc transgenic mouse, enhanced MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was performed to detect the endogenous HCCs, and several enhanced lesions were found in the liver. Figure 4A shows the representative T1-weighted MR images obtained before and at different time points after intravenous administration of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. To evaluate the agreement, all MR images were adjusted to consensus window width and window level. To visually observe the enhancement degree of lesions relative to adjacent normal liver tissues, all MR signals were displayed in rainbow pseudo color. We adjusted the window width and level, as appropriate, to make the normal liver tissues represented approximately the same color shade. We also quantified the contrast enhancement between the lesion and the normal liver by using the increased CNR values (Figure 4B). The increased CNR value was calculated as the difference in CNR between lesion and normal liver tissue. As shown in Figure 5B, the increased CNR value rapidly increased within the first 5 min, and then gradually increased over time and remained prominent for at least 50 min. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the overexpression of integrin α6 in the enhanced lesion (Figure 4C).

Figure 4

MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR in a c-Myc transgenic mouse. (A) Representative T1-weighted MR images and corresponding rainbow pseudo color images for a c-Myc transgenic mouse bearing an HCC lesion (The red arrowheads indicated the HCC. The red dotted circles delineated the area of interest that used for CNR analysis). (B) The increase CNR values of tumor before and at different time points after injection of DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR. (C) Integrin α6 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry IHC in tumor tissue (Scale bar, 50μm).

Figure 5

MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR and Gd-EOB-DTPA in a DEN-induced HCC mouse. (A) Representative MR images and corresponding rainbow pseudo color images obtained before and at 5, 25 min after injection with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR or Gd-EOB-DTPA in a DEN-induced HCC mouse bearing an HCC lesion. (B) The corresponding gross photograph of the same lesion shown in (A) (The red arrowheads indicated the HCC. The red dotted circles indicated the visible HCC). (C) Integrin α6 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry IHC in tumor tissue (Scale bar, 50μm).

Enhanced MR Imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR in Detecting Small HCC Lesions

The diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC mouse shares many characteristics with naturally occurring human HCC.40 Thus, we assessed the sensitivity of enhanced MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR in detecting small HCC lesions by using DEN induced HCC mouse model. The average tumor size of the DEN induced HCC mice is 2.49 ± 1.12 mm, n = 4. In a mouse nine months after DEN injection, enhanced MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR and then with hepatocellular specific Gd-EOB-DTPA three days later were performed to detect the small HCC lesions. A small enhanced lesion (red arrowheads, 0.98 mm in diameter) was found in the liver of the mouse injected with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR, but was not found it with Gd-EOB-DTPA (Figure 5A). Gross examination of the liver was conducted after MR imaging. As presented in Figure 5B, gross anatomic examination showed that a white nodule (red arrowhead) was observed in the liver. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the overexpression of integrin α6 in the white nodule (Figure 5C).

Discussion

To date, early detection of small HCC remains a great challenge due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic tools. The rapid development of molecular imaging has provided powerful tools for the detection of tumor at an early stage.46–50 High-resolution imaging device and reliable molecular probe are the pivotal factors that affect the imaging quality of molecular imaging. With the advance of MR technique, the MR imaging quality has greatly improved in recent years. MR imaging provides excellent soft tissue contrast and spatial resolution without ionizing radiation and therefore appears to be the most appropriate for molecular imaging.51,52 MR imaging contrast agents can alter the signal intensity in different tissues and thus improve the imaging resolution.53 Gadolinium (Gd) complexes are the most commonly used MR imaging contrast agents in the clinic.54 However, the present Gd complexes have several disadvantages, including short circulation time, low signal intensity and non-tumor targeting, thus limiting its application in tumor imaging.55,56 Therefore, it is desirable to construct a safe and effective MR imaging contrast agent with hepatic tumor specificity for the early HCC detection.

The choice of molecular target is critical for molecular imaging. Molecular imaging target preferably selects proteins that are correlated with tumorigenesis and progression in tumor cells. Here, we selected integrin α6 as a specific target for molecular imaging of HCC on the basis of our previous studies.40,41 The reasons for the choice of integrin α6 as a target can be justified as follows: First, integrin α6 is highly expressed in HCC and its elevated expression correlates with the malignancy and poor progression of HCC.36–41 In addition, integrin α6 contains a larger N-terminal extracellular domain, which is more amenable to bind molecular probe.57 Given the above, integrin α6 can be an ideal target for HCC molecular imaging. However, the most widely studied member of integrins in molecular imaging is integrin αvβ3, which can be specifically recognized by Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence.58–63 Previous studies of integrin α6 have focused mainly on its role in driving tumorigenesis, and its role in molecular imaging has been scarcely investigated.64–66 In our previous study, we firstly demonstrated that integrin α6 can serve as an effective target for molecular imaging in HCC.40 As shown in the previous study, integrin α6-targeted PET tracer 18F-RWY has a relatively higher sensitivity and specificity than integrin αvβ3-targeted PET tracer 18F-3PRGD2 for HCC detection.40 Considering the fact that MR imaging is cheap, widely available and devoid of ionizing radiation, we subsequently validated the effectiveness of integrin α6 for MR imaging of HCC.41 Our initial study successfully demonstrated the feasibility for using integrin α6-target MR imaging probe to detect HCC in mice. Encouragingly, integrin α6-target MR imaging probe RWY-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 produced superior enhanced MR signal in HCC lesions and provided complementary enhanced MR signal to Gd-EOB-DTPA.41 The above results showed great potential for integrin α6-target molecular probe to MR imaging in HCC.

In this study, we successfully developed an optimized MR probe DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR based on optimized integrin α6-targeted S5 peptide and macrocyclic Gd(III) chelates for imaging HCC in four distinct mouse models, including subcutaneous, orthotopic, genetically engineered and chemical-induced HCC mice. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this optimized MR probe for the detection of HCC in subcutaneous, orthotopic, and genetically engineered mice. In addition, we demonstrated the feasibility of enhanced MR imaging with DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR in detecting small HCC lesions with superior image quality compared with Gd-EOB-DTPA by using DEN induced HCC mouse model.

Overall, our findings are in agreement with expectations. As the integrin α6-targeted S5 peptide we selected in a recent study has a higher affinity for integrin α6 than those used previously, DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR theoretically has superior contrast enhancement than the nonspecific clinical agent Gadoteridol and RWY-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4. Indeed, as displayed in Figure 2, the DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR does produce more significant signal enhancement in the HCC lesions than Gadoteridol. Importantly, compared to the earlier targeted agent RWY-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4, the signal intensity generated by DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR was still slowly increasing after the initial rapid enhanced stage (5 min after injection), until it reached a peak at 30 min and sustainably prominent for at least 50 min.41 The above results may be attributed to a higher accumulation of optimized targeted agent in the tissue of the tumor due to its higher affinity for integrin α6. More importantly, this may be useful to increase the sensibility of target agent for small HCC. As expected, by utilizing the optimized targeted agent DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR, a small HCC (<1 mm) was significantly intensified in the liver of a DEN induced HCC mouse. However, the hepatocellular specific Gd-EOB-DTPA did not produce visible contrast enhancement in the same lesion (Figure 5).

Nevertheless, there remain several limitations in this study. First, the tumor MR signal intensity reaches a peak at about 30 min, which is likely too long for medical imaging applications. The binding affinity of integrin α6 peptide still needs to be improved. Second, the toxicology, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the optimized targeted agent remain unknown. Clearly, further research in this area is needed before any clinical application.

Conclusion

In conclusion, DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR can serve as an effective MR contrast probe for the detection of HCC in mice. DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR can produce superior enhanced MR signal in HCC lesion and detect HCC smaller than 1 mm. DOTA(Gd)-ANADYWR exhibits great potential for noninvasive early detection of HCC.