Stable Isotope Fractionation Reveals Similar Atomic-Level Controls during Aerobic and Anaerobic Microbial Hg Transformation Pathways.

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant and potent neurotoxin that bioaccumulates in food webs as monomethylmercury (MeHg). The production of MeHg is driven by anaerobic and Hg redox cycling pathways, such as Hg reduction, which control the availability of Hg to methylators. Anaerobes play an important role in Hg reduction in methylation hot spots, yet their contributions remain underappreciated due to how challenging these pathways are to study in the absence of dedicated genetic targets and low levels of Hg0 in anoxic environments. In this study, we used Hg stable isotope fractionation to explore Hg reduction during anoxygenic photosynthesis and fermentation in the model anaerobe Heliobacterium modesticaldum Ice1. We show that cells preferentially reduce lighter Hg isotopes in both metabolisms, leading to mass-dependent fractionation, but mass-independent fractionation commonly induced by UV-visible light is absent. Due to the variability associated with replicate experiments, we could not discern whether dedicated physiological processes drive Hg reduction during photosynthesis and fermentation. However, we demonstrate that fractionation is affected by the interplay between pathways controlling Hg recruitment, accessibility, and availability alongside metabolic redox reactions. The combined contributions of these processes lead to isotopic enrichment during anoxygenic photosynthesis that is in between the values reported for anaerobic respiratory microbial Hg reduction and abiotic photoreduction. Isotope enrichment during fermentation is closer to what has been observed in aerobic bacteria that reduce Hg through dedicated detoxification pathways. Our work suggests that similar controls likely underpin diverse microbe-mediated Hg transformations that affect Hg's fate in oxic and anoxic habitats. IMPORTANCE Anaerobic and photosynthetic bacteria that reduce mercury affect mercury delivery to microbes in methylation sites that drive bioaccumulation in food webs. Anaerobic mercury reduction pathways remain underappreciated in the current view of the global mercury cycle because they are challenging to study, bearing no dedicated genetic targets to establish physiological mechanisms. In this study, we used stable isotopes to characterize the physiological processes that control mercury reduction during photosynthesis and fermentation in the model anaerobe Heliobacterium modesticaldum Ice1. The sensitivity of isotope analyses highlighted the subtle contribution of mercury uptake to the isotope signature associated with anaerobic mercury reduction. When considered alongside the isotope signatures associated with microbial pathways for which genetic determinants have been identified, our findings underscore the narrow range of isotope enrichment that is characteristic of microbial mercury transformations. This suggests that there are common atomic-level controls for biological mercury transformations across a broad range of geochemical conditions.