Ankit Bharat1, Konrad Hoetzenecker2, Tiago N Machuca3. 1. Divisions of Thoracic Surgery and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: abharat@nm.org. 2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 3. Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.