Model-free estimates that complement information obtained from the hazard ratio.

Understand the limitations of the modeling of survival data, especially as pertains to the Cox proportional hazards model.An introduction to model-free estimates of survival, namely, the restricted mean survival time/restricted mean lost time.Use R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria) or STATA® (The STATACorp, College Station, TX, USA) to perform analyses and obtain these parameters from a dataset. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12055-021-01167-4. © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021.