Astha Ramaiya1, Ifta Choiriyyah2, Lori Heise3, Julie Pulerwitz4, Robert Wm Blum5, Ruti Levtov6, Rebecka Lundgren7, Lisa Richardson8, Caroline Moreau9. 1. Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: aramaiy1@jhu.edu. 2. Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 3. Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; The Prevention Collaborative, Washington, District of Columbia. 4. Population Council, Washington, District of Columbia. 5. Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 6. The Prevention Collaborative, Washington, District of Columbia. 7. Center on Gender Health and Equity, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California. 8. Institute of Women and Ethnic Studies, UNO Research and Technology Foundation, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana. 9. Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Soins Primaires et Prévention, Inserm U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France.
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex. RESULTS: Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95-3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86-11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07-9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.
PURPOSE: This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex. RESULTS: Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95-3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86-11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07-9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.
Authors: Sara N Naicker; Marilyn N Ahun; Sahba Besharati; Shane A Norris; Massimiliano Orri; Linda M Richter Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-05 Impact factor: 3.390