Phylogeographic review of Y chromosome haplogroups in Europe.

The Y chromosome has been widely explored for the study of human migrations. Due to its paternal inheritance, the Y chromosome polymorphisms are helpful tools for understanding the geographical distribution of populations all over the world and for inferring their origin, which is really useful in forensics. The remarkable historical context of Europe, with numerous migrations and invasions, has turned this continent into a melting pot. For this reason, it is interesting to study the Y chromosome variability and how it has contributed to improving our knowledge of the distribution and development of European male genetic pool as it is today. The analysis of Y lineages in Europe shows the predominance of four haplogroups, R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M420. However, other haplogroups have been identified which, although less frequent, provide significant evidence about the paternal origin of the populations. In addition, the study of the Y chromosome in Europe is a valuable tool for revealing the genetic trace of the different European colonizations, mainly in several American countries, where the European ancestry is mostly detected by the presence of the R1b-M269 haplogroup. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compile the studies of the Y chromosome haplogroups in current European populations, in order to provide an outline of these haplogroups which facilitate their use in forensic studies.