| Literature DB >> 34211514 |
Caroline Teodoro1, Matheus Bertanha1, Flavia Potsch Camara Mattos Girard1, Marcone Lima Sobreira1, Ricardo de Alvarenga Yoshida1, Regina Moura1, Rodrigo Gibin Jaldin1, Winston Bonetti Yoshida1.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acute arterial occlusions (AAO) in limbs have been increasing in parallel with population longevity.Entities:
Keywords: Balloon Embolectomy; Ischemia; Lower Extremity; Upper Extremity
Year: 2020 PMID: 34211514 PMCID: PMC8218016 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.200031
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Vasc Bras ISSN: 1677-5449
Clinical classification according to progression of ischemia in the limb involved, adapted from Rutherford (Society of Vascular Surgery/The International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery classification).3
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| Classification I – Viable limb | Absence of neurological signs, arterial sound audible on Doppler. |
| Classification II – Viability threatened – reversible ischemia | IIa – Marginally threatened: sensory loss, arterial sound inaudible on Doppler, venous sound audible. |
| IIb – Immediately threatened: some degree of muscle weakness, arterial sound inaudible on Doppler, venous sound audible. | |
| Classification III – Irreversible ischemia | Paralysis, contracture, arterial and venous sound inaudible on Doppler. |
Figure 1Flow diagram illustrating inclusion and exclusion of patients for the study.
Demographic data and main outcomes, by etiology of acute arterial occlusion (AAO).
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| Age (years) | Maximum | 91 | 87 | 90 | 91 | - |
| Minimum | 48 | 47 | 52 | 46 | - | |
| Mean | 70 | 69 | 73 | 69.5 | - | |
| Sex | Male | 25 (23.81%) | 37 (35.24%) | 7 (6.67%) | 69 (65.71%) | 0.9542 |
| Female | 12 (11.43%) | 20 (19.05%) | 4 (3.81%) | 36 (34.29%) | ||
| Ethnicity | Caucasian | 28 (26.67%) | 53 (50.48%) | 9 (8.57%) | 90 (85.7%) | 0.0164 |
| Other | 9 (8.56%) | 4 (3.81%) | 2 (1.9%) | 15 (14.3%) | ||
| Limb | RUL | 4 (3.81%) | 0 | 1 (0.95%) | 5 (4.76%) | |
| LUL | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (0.95%) | 1 (0.95%) | 4 (3.81%) | ||
| RLL | 13 (12.38%) | 19 (18.1%) | 7 (6.67%) | 39 (37.14%) | ||
| LLL | 16 (15.24%) | 36 (34.29%) | 2 (2.86%) | 55 (52.38%) | ||
| Both lower limbs | 2 (1.9%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (1.9%) | ||
| Rutherford classification | I | 12 (11.43%) | 19 (18.1%) | 4 (3.81%) | 35 (33.3%) | 0.9709 |
| IIa | 11 (10.48%) | 15 (14.29%) | 2 (1.9%) | 28 (26.7%) | 0.7460 | |
| IIb | 11 (10.48%) | 15 (14.29%) | 2 (1.9%) | 28 (26.7%) | 0.7460 | |
| III | 3 (2.86%) | 8 (7.62%) | 3 (2.86%) | 14 (13.3%) | 0.2531 | |
| Reocclusion | 4 (3.81%) | 13 (12.38%) | 0 | 17 (16.19%) | 0.0546 | |
| Primary amputation | 10 (9.52%) | 12 (11.43%) | 4 (3.81%) | 26 (24.76%) | 0.5175 | |
| 30-day mortality | 6 (5.71%) | 7 (6.67%) | 1 (0.95%) | 14 (13.34%) | 0.7877 | |
| Risk factors | Popliteal aneurysm | 0 | 9 (8.6%) | 3 (2.9%) | 12 (11.4%) | 0.0138 |
| PAD | 7 (6.7%) | 28 (26.7%) | 4 (3.8%) | 39 (37.1%) | 0.0125 | |
| Smoking | 15 (14.3%) | 40 (38.1%) | 7 (6.7%) | 62 (59.0%) | 0.0161 | |
| AF | 19 (18.1%) | 1 (0.95%) | 1 (0.95%) | 21 (20%) | 0.0001 |
RUL: right upper limb; LUL: left upper limb; RLL: right lower limb; LLL: left lower limb; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; AF: atrial fibrillation.
Figure 2A) Associated risk factors; B) Associated signs and symptoms.
Figure 3Arteries occluded and treatments administered.
Figure 4Treatments administered, by etiology. A) Procedures performed, by etiology; B) Outcome of thromboembolectomy with a Fogarty catheter only; C) Endovascular treatments, by etiology.
Figure 5Outcomes by Rutherford class.
Demographic data, etiology, and arterial revascularization in the literature compared with data in the present article.
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| Yeager et al. | 74 | 63 | 95/5 | 91.9% | 8.1% | 12.0% | 15% (30 d) 49% (36 m) |
| Davies et al. | 77 | 74 | 54.5/45.5 | 41.5% | 41.5% | 32.5% | 26% (30 d) |
| Comerota et al. | 124 | 66.5 | 68/32 | 100% (grafts) | - | 30% | 8.8% (12 m) All lysis |
| Aune & Trippestad | 372 | 73 | 142/130 | 80 | 192 | 58% | 17% emboli and 14% thrombosis |
| Borioni et al. | 66 | - | - | - | - | 100% | 32.3% (30 d) |
| Antusevas & Aleksynas | 142 | 76 | 74/68 | 66 | 76 | 100% emboli and 45% thromboses | 4.2% |
| Eliason et al. | 23,268 | 71 | 46/54 | - | - | 47.3% | 9% |
| Eliason et al. | 105 | 62 | 57/43 | - | - | 72.4% | 12% |
| Karapolat et al. | 730 | 61.5 | 58.4/41.6 | 15.1% | 82.5% | 2.5% | 3.7% |
| Comerota et al. | 174 | 63 | 72.5/27.5 | 100% | - | 0% | 6% (12 m) |
| Present article, 2020 | 105 | 69.5 | 65.7/34.3 | 54.3% | 35.2% | 73.3% | 14.6% |
d = days; m = months.
Classificação clínica de acordo com a evolução da isquemia do membro acometido, adaptado de Rutherford (classificação da Society of Vascular Surgery/The International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery)3.
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| Classificação I – Membro viável | Ausência de sinais neurológicos, som arterial audível ao Doppler. |
| Classificação II – Viabilidade ameaçada – isquemia reversível | IIa – Marginalmente ameaçado: parestesia, sem som arterial ao Doppler, som venoso presente. |
| IIb – Ameaça imediata: algum grau de paresia, sem som arterial ao Doppler, som venoso presente. | |
| Classificação III – Membro inviável | Paralisia, contratura, sem som arterial ou venoso ao Doppler. |
Figura 1Fluxograma de inclusão dos pacientes selecionados para este estudo.
Dados demográficos e principais desfechos, de acordo com a etiologia da oclusão arterial aguda (OAA).
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| Idade (anos) | Máxima | 91 | 87 | 90 | 91 | - |
| Mínima | 48 | 47 | 52 | 46 | - | |
| Média | 70 | 69 | 73 | 69,5 | - | |
| Sexo | Masculino | 25 (23,81%) | 37 (35,24%) | 7 (6,67%) | 69 (65,71%) | 0,9542 |
| Feminino | 12 (11,43%) | 20 (19,05%) | 4 (3,81%) | 36 (34,29%) | ||
| Etnia | Caucasiano | 28 (26,67%) | 53 (50,48%) | 9 (8,57%) | 90 (85,7%) | 0,0164 |
| Outra | 9 (8,56%) | 4 (3,81%) | 2 (1,9%) | 15 (14,3%) | ||
| Membro | MSD | 4 (3,81%) | 0 | 1 (0,95%) | 5 (4,76%) | |
| MSE | 2 (1,9%) | 1 (0,95%) | 1 (0,95%) | 4 (3,81%) | ||
| MID | 13 (12,38%) | 19 (18,1%) | 7 (6,67%) | 39 (37,14%) | ||
| MIE | 16 (15,24%) | 36 (34,29%) | 2 (2,86%) | 55 (52,38%) | ||
| Ambos os membros inferiores | 2 (1,9%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (1,9%) | ||
| Classificação Rutherford | I | 12 (11,43%) | 19 (18,1%) | 4 (3,81%) | 35 (33,3%) | 0,9709 |
| IIa | 11 (10,48%) | 15 (14,29%) | 2 (1,9%) | 28 (26,7%) | 0,7460 | |
| IIb | 11 (10,48%) | 15 (14,29%) | 2 (1,9%) | 28 (26,7%) | 0,7460 | |
| III | 3 (2,86%) | 8 (7,62%) | 3 (2,86%) | 14 (13,3%) | 0,2531 | |
| Reoclusão | 4 (3,81%) | 13 (12,38%) | 0 | 17 (16,19%) | 0,0546 | |
| Amputação primária | 10 (9,52%) | 12 (11,43%) | 4 (3,81%) | 26 (24,76%) | 0,5175 | |
| Mortalidade 30 em dias | 6 (5,71%) | 7 (6,67%) | 1 (0,95%) | 14 (13,34%) | 0,7877 | |
| Fatores de risco | Aneurisma poplíteo | 0 | 9 (8,6%) | 3 (2,9%) | 12 (11,4%) | 0,0138 |
| DAP | 7 (6,7%) | 28 (26,7%) | 4 (3,8%) | 39 (37,1%) | 0,0125 | |
| Tabagismo | 15 (14,3%) | 40 (38,1%) | 7 (6,7%) | 62 (59,0%) | 0,0161 | |
| FA | 19 (18,1%) | 1 (0,95%) | 1 (0,95%) | 21 (20%) | 0,0001 |
MSD: membro superior direito; MSE: membro superior esquerdo; MID: membro inferior direito; MIE: membro inferior esquerdo; DAP: doença arterial periférica; FA: fibrilação atrial.
Figura 2A) Fatores de risco associados; B) Sinais e sintomas associados.
Figura 3Artérias ocluídas e tratamentos efetuados.
Figura 4Tratamentos realizados de acordo com a etiologia. A) Procedimentos realizados por etiologia; B) Evolução da tromboembolectomia com cateter Fogarty exclusivo; C) Tratamentos endovasculares por etiologia.
Figura 5Desfechos por classes Rutherford.
Dados demográficos, etiologia e restaurações arteriais na literatura em comparação com os do presente artigo.
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| Yeager et al. | 74 | 63 | 95/5 | 91,9% | 8,1% | 12,0% | 15% (30 d) 49% (36 m) |
| Davies et al. | 77 | 74 | 54,5/45,5 | 41,5% | 41,5% | 32,5% | 26% (30 d) |
| Comerota et al. | 124 | 66,5 | 68/32 | 100% (enxertos) | - | 30% | 8,8% (12 m) Todos fibrinólise |
| Aune & Trippestad | 372 | 73 | 142/130 | 80 | 192 | 58% | 17% embolia e 14% trombose |
| Borioni et al. | 66 | - | - | - | - | 100% | 32,3% (30 d) |
| Antusevas & Aleksynas | 142 | 76 | 74/68 | 66 | 76 | 100% embolias e 45% tromboses | 4,2% |
| Eliason et al. | 23.268 | 71 | 46/54 | - | - | 47,3% | 9% |
| Eliason et al. | 105 | 62 | 57/43 | - | - | 72,4% | 12% |
| Karapolat et al. | 730 | 61,5 | 58,4/41,6 | 15,1% | 82,5% | 2,5% | 3,7% |
| Comerota et al. | 174 | 63 | 72,5/27,5 | 100% | - | 0% | 6% (12 m) |
| Presente artigo, 2020 | 105 | 69,5 | 65,7/34,3 | 54,3% | 35,2% | 73,3% | 14,6% |
d = dias; m = meses.