Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Copper Nanoparticles for the Control of Leaf Spot and Anthracnose Diseases of Olive.

Olive crop is frequently treated with copper fungicides to combat foliar and fruit diseases such as olive leaf spot caused by Fusicladium oleagineum and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. The replacement of copper-based products with more eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. Metal nanoparticles synthesized in several ways have recently revolutionized crop protection with applications against important crop pathogens. In this study, we present the development of four copper-based nanoparticles (CuNP Type 1 to 4) synthesized with a wet chemistry approach. The CuNPs were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Laser Doppler Electrophoresis, and Attenuated Total Reflection measurements. In addition, the activity of the four CuNP types was tested in vitro and in planta against F. oleagineum and Colletotrichum spp. In vitro sensitivity measurements showed that for both pathogens, mycelial growth was the most susceptible developmental stage to the tested compounds. Against both pathogens, CuNP Type 1 and Type 2 were found to be more active in reducing mycelial growth compared to the reference commercial compounds of copper oxide and copper hydroxide. In planta experiments showed that CuNP Type 3 and CuNP Type 4 exhibited a strong protectant activity against both F. oleagineum and Colletotrichum acutatum with control efficacy values significantly higher than those achieved by the applications of either reference product.