Sara Rovai1, Irene Mattavelli1, Elisabetta Salvioni1, Ugo Corrà2, Gaia Cattadori3, Jeness Campodonico1, Simona Romani1, Piergiuseppe Agostoni4,5. 1. Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138, Milan, Italy. 2. Cardiology Division, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Centro Medico di Riabilitazione di Veruno, Veruno, Novara, Italy. 3. Unità Operativa Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy. 4. Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138, Milan, Italy. piergiuseppe.agostoni@unimi.it. 5. Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. piergiuseppe.agostoni@unimi.it.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise causes various dynamic changes in all body parts either in healthy subject or in heart failure (HF) patients. The present review of current knowledge about HF patients with reduced ejection fraction focuses on dynamic changes along a "metabo-hemodynamic" perspective. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies on the dynamic changes occurring during exercise span many years. Thanks to the availability of advanced methods, it is nowadays possible to properly characterize respiratory, hemodynamic, and muscular function adjustments and their mismatch with the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Exercise is a dynamic event that involves several body functions. In HF patients, it is important to know at what level the limitation takes place in order to better manage these patients and to optimize therapeutic strategies.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise causes various dynamic changes in all body parts either in healthy subject or in heart failure (HF) patients. The present review of current knowledge about HF patients with reduced ejection fraction focuses on dynamic changes along a "metabo-hemodynamic" perspective. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies on the dynamic changes occurring during exercise span many years. Thanks to the availability of advanced methods, it is nowadays possible to properly characterize respiratory, hemodynamic, and muscular function adjustments and their mismatch with the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Exercise is a dynamic event that involves several body functions. In HF patients, it is important to know at what level the limitation takes place in order to better manage these patients and to optimize therapeutic strategies.