Justin J Anker1, Motohiro Nakajima2, Susan Raatz3, Sharon Allen4, Mustafa al'Absi5. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA. Electronic address: anke0022@umn.edu. 2. Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. Electronic address: mnakajim@d.umn.edu. 3. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA. Electronic address: raatz001@umn.edu. 4. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 516 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. Electronic address: allen001@umn.edu. 5. Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. Electronic address: malabsi@d.umn.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to 1) determine whether acute nicotine withdrawal increases the intake of junk food (high in salt, fat, and sugar) and 2) assess whether the endogenous opioid system is involved in junk food intake during nicotine withdrawal using naltrexone as a pharmacological probe. METHODS: Smokers were randomly assigned to 24-hr withdrawal from tobacco products (n = 42) or smoking ad libitum (n = 34). A non-smoking group (n = 29) was included. Participants completed two laboratory sessions where a placebo or 50 mg of naltrexone was administered. At the end of each session, participants were given a tray of snack items that differed in high to low energy density and dimensions of salty, sweet, and fat. Self-reported mood and withdrawal measures were collected immediately before the snacks were offered. Generalized linear and logistic models were used to assess the effects of acute smoking withdrawal, drug, and sex on the intake of snack items and self-reported measures. RESULTS: Choice and consumption of food items were impacted by smoking condition (withdrawal > ad lib smoking and non-smokers; p < .05), the opioid blockade (naltrexone < placebo; p < .05), and sex (male > female; p < .05). The effects were evidenced in high sweet and high fat foods. No differences were found in low sweet and fat foods. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend earlier studies indicating impact of tobacco use on appetite, and identify the regulatory influence of the endogenous opioid system on appetite during nicotine withdrawal.
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to 1) determine whether acute nicotine withdrawal increases the intake of junk food (high in salt, fat, and sugar) and 2) assess whether the endogenous opioid system is involved in junk food intake during nicotine withdrawal using naltrexone as a pharmacological probe. METHODS: Smokers were randomly assigned to 24-hr withdrawal from tobacco products (n = 42) or smoking ad libitum (n = 34). A non-smoking group (n = 29) was included. Participants completed two laboratory sessions where a placebo or 50 mg of naltrexone was administered. At the end of each session, participants were given a tray of snack items that differed in high to low energy density and dimensions of salty, sweet, and fat. Self-reported mood and withdrawal measures were collected immediately before the snacks were offered. Generalized linear and logistic models were used to assess the effects of acute smoking withdrawal, drug, and sex on the intake of snack items and self-reported measures. RESULTS: Choice and consumption of food items were impacted by smoking condition (withdrawal > ad lib smoking and non-smokers; p < .05), the opioid blockade (naltrexone < placebo; p < .05), and sex (male > female; p < .05). The effects were evidenced in high sweet and high fat foods. No differences were found in low sweet and fat foods. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend earlier studies indicating impact of tobacco use on appetite, and identify the regulatory influence of the endogenous opioid system on appetite during nicotine withdrawal.
Authors: Frederick M Hecht; Jennifer Daubenmier; Elissa S Epel; Ashley E Mason; Robert H Lustig; Rashida R Brown; Michael Acree; Peter Bacchetti; Patricia J Moran; Mary Dallman; Barbara Laraia; Nancy Adler Journal: Appetite Date: 2015-04-27 Impact factor: 3.868