Literature DB >> 34178079

Can we manage prophylactic therapy in COVID-19 patients to prevent severe illness complications?

Paulo Eduardo Ocke Reis1, Marcos Cesar Braga Lima1.   

Abstract

Many patients with COVID-19 have thromboembolic complications that worsen their prognosis. Herein, the authors propose a modified version of the CHA2DS2-VASc score, including 1 point for COVID-19, so that prophylaxis to protect against thromboembolic events would be indicated before the condition becomes severe. The advantages of this modification would be prevention of the patient's condition worsening due to thromboembolic problems and reduction of the likelihood of a need for intensive care and mechanical ventilation, reducing mortality.

Entities:  

Keywords:  COVID-19; anticoagulants; coronavirus; hospital mortality; prevention; thrombosis

Year:  2020        PMID: 34178079      PMCID: PMC8202192          DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.200057

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  J Vasc Bras        ISSN: 1677-5449


INTRODUCTION

Since infection by COVID-19 was first described, the severe respiratory syndrome associated with the disease has caused rapid increases in admissions to intensive care units (ICUs) and elevated mortality of a group of patients.1 During a pandemic, it is necessary to avoid saturation of health systems, both public and private, and in particular of ICUs. The principal relevant finding in the lungs is presence of platelet thrombi and fibrin in small arterial vessels, which fits perfectly with a clinical scenario of coagulopathy.2 Since there is no consensus-approved treatment in this situation and considering the possibility of thrombosis associated with infection by coronavirus in certain cases, recently-acquired experience and findings of still-embryonic scientific studies has shown that effective anticoagulation can prevent or reverse the prothrombotic state in some patients.2,3

PROPOSAL

We have observed that, coincidentally, the group of patients who respond poorly to the COVID-19 infection (Figure 1)4 and die are the same patients whose CHA2DS2-VASc scores indicate risk of stroke, transitory ischemic episode, peripheral emboli, and pulmonary thromboembolism (Table 1).5,6 According to this score, a patient is considered high risk if they score 2 points or more, intermediate risk if they score 1, and low risk if they do not have risk factors.6 Our proposal, therefore, is to add 1 point to the CHA2DS2-VASc score (Table 1) for patients who have COVID-19 and use the new score to indicate prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with a high risk of thrombosis according to the score, in phase 2 of the disease (Table 2). The objective is to prevent the patient’s condition from worsening because of thromboembolic problems, avoiding the need for ICU admission and mechanical ventilation.7
Figure 1

Mortality from COVID-19 varies by age and health status.4

Table 1

Structure of the CHA2DS2-VASc score after addition of 1 point for COVID-19 (CHA2DS2-VASc-C19).

CHA2DS2-VASc Description Points
CHeart failure1
HHypertension1
A2 Age (≥ 75 years)2
DDiabetes mellitus1
S2 Prior TIA or stroke2
VVascular disease (prior AMI, aortic plaque, peripheral arterial disease)1
AAge (65-74 years)1
C19 Suspected or confirmed COVID-191

TIA = transient ischemic attack; AMI = acute myocardial infarction.

Table 2

Phases of COVID-19 infection and treatment.

Phases Clinical status Treatment
Phase 1Flu-like respiratory infectionAvoid contagion, reduce symptoms, reduce viral load with medications in use
Phase 2 (see Table 1)High risk of thrombosisProphylaxis, avoid intra pulmonary thrombosis, prophylactic anticoagulation
Phase 3Critical patient in ICUFull therapeutic anticoagulation

ICU = intensive care unit.

TIA = transient ischemic attack; AMI = acute myocardial infarction. ICU = intensive care unit. The idea is to proceed in a similar manner as with risk of thromboses and emboli according to the existing scores and initiate prophylaxis to attempt to avert occurrence of events that have contributed to the worsening clinical status of these patients.1-3 In this communication, the authors propose modifying the scoring of the CHA2DS2-VASc score and studying its validity, with the objective of reducing the number of critically patients who progress to phase 3.

INTRODUÇÃO

Desde a primeira descrição da infecção por COVID-19, a síndrome respiratória grave associada à doença levou ao aumento rápido de admissões em unidades de tratamento intensivo (UTIs) e à alta mortalidade de um grupo de pacientes1. Em uma pandemia, é preciso evitar a saturação do sistema de saúde tanto público quanto privado, em especial das UTIs. O principal achado com relevância nos pulmões é a presença de trombos plaquetários e fibrina em pequenos vasos arteriais, enquadrando-se perfeitamente no contexto clínico da coagulopatia2. Como não há um tratamento aprovado em consenso neste cenário e tendo em vista a possibilidade de trombose associada à infecção pelo coronavírus em determinados casos, a experiência adquirida recentemente e estudos científicos ainda embrionários têm mostrado que uma anticoagulação efetiva poderia prevenir ou reverter o estado pró-trombótico de alguns pacientes2,3.

PROPOSTA

Observamos que, coincidentemente, o grupo de pacientes que evoluem mal da infecção por COVID-19 (Figura 1)4 e morrem são os mesmos pacientes do escore CHA2DS2-VASc com risco para acidente vascular cerebral, episódio isquêmico transitório, embolia periférica e tromboembolismo pulmonar (Tabela 1)5,6. Por esse escore, o paciente é considerado de alto risco se a pontuação for 2 ou mais, de risco intermediário se a pontuação for 1 e de baixo risco se não tiver fatores de risco6. A nossa proposta, portanto, é incluir 1 ponto adicional no escore CHA2DS2-VASc (Tabela 1) para pacientes portadores de COVID-19 e usar o novo escore para indicar a anticoagulação profilática nos pacientes com alto risco de trombose pelo escore, na fase 2 da doença (Tabela 2). Desse modo, busca-se evitar a piora do paciente por problemas tromboembólicos, bem como a necessidade de internação em UTI e de ventilação mecânica7.
Figura 1

A taxa de mortalidade por COVID-19 varia de acordo com a idade e a condição de saúde4.

Tabela 1

Como ficaria o escore CHA2DS2-VASc com o acréscimo de 1 ponto por COVID-19 (CHA2DS2-VASc-C19).

CHA2DS2-VASc Descrição Pontos
CInsuficiência cardíaca1
HHipertensão1
A2 Idade (≥ 75 anos)2
DDiabetes mellitus1
S2 AIT ou AVC prévio2
VDoença vascular (IAM prévio, placa aórtica, doença arterial periférica)1
AIdade (65-74 anos)1
C19 Suspeita ou confirmação de COVID-191

AIT = ataque isquêmico transitório; AVC = acidente vascular cerebral; IAM = infarto agudo do miocárdio.

Tabela 2

Fases da infecção por COVID-19 e tratamento.

Fases Clínica Tratamento
Fase 1Infecção respiratória gripalEvitar contágio, diminuir sintomas, diminuir carga viral com as medicações que estão sendo usadas
Fase 2 (verificar Tabela 1)Alto risco de tromboseProfilaxia, evitar trombose intrapulmonar, anticoagulação profilática
Fase 3Paciente grave em UTIAnticoagulação plena terapêutica

UTI = unidade de tratamento intensivo.

AIT = ataque isquêmico transitório; AVC = acidente vascular cerebral; IAM = infarto agudo do miocárdio. UTI = unidade de tratamento intensivo. A ideia é agir de forma similar ao risco de tromboses e embolias pelos escores conhecidos e iniciar a profilaxia para tentar evitar a ocorrência do que tem contribuído para o agravamento do quadro clínico desses pacientes1-3. Através deste artigo, os autores propõem uma modificação pontual na escore CHA2DS2-VASc para estudo de sua validação, com o objetivo de diminuir o número de doentes críticos que chegam à fase 3.
  6 in total

1.  Time trends in use of the CHADS2 and CHA2 DS2 VASc scores, and the geographical and specialty uptake of these scores from a popular online clinical decision tool and medical reference.

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Authors:  Tiago Sá; João Sargento-Freitas; Vítor Pinheiro; Rui Martins; Rogério Teixeira; Fernando Silva; Nuno Mendonça; Gustavo Cordeiro; Lino Gonçalves; Luís A Providência; António Freire-Gonçalves; Luís Cunha
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Journal:  Lancet       Date:  2020-01-24       Impact factor: 79.321

Review 4.  COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-Up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Authors:  Behnood Bikdeli; Mahesh V Madhavan; David Jimenez; Taylor Chuich; Isaac Dreyfus; Elissa Driggin; Caroline Der Nigoghossian; Walter Ageno; Mohammad Madjid; Yutao Guo; Liang V Tang; Yu Hu; Jay Giri; Mary Cushman; Isabelle Quéré; Evangelos P Dimakakos; C Michael Gibson; Giuseppe Lippi; Emmanuel J Favaloro; Jawed Fareed; Joseph A Caprini; Alfonso J Tafur; John R Burton; Dominic P Francese; Elizabeth Y Wang; Anna Falanga; Claire McLintock; Beverley J Hunt; Alex C Spyropoulos; Geoffrey D Barnes; John W Eikelboom; Ido Weinberg; Sam Schulman; Marc Carrier; Gregory Piazza; Joshua A Beckman; P Gabriel Steg; Gregg W Stone; Stephan Rosenkranz; Samuel Z Goldhaber; Sahil A Parikh; Manuel Monreal; Harlan M Krumholz; Stavros V Konstantinides; Jeffrey I Weitz; Gregory Y H Lip
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5.  Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study.

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6.  Practical diagnosis and treatment of suspected venous thromboembolism during COVID-19 pandemic.

Authors:  Andrea T Obi; Geoff D Barnes; Thomas W Wakefield; Sandra Brown; Jonathon L Eliason; Erika Arndt; Peter K Henke
Journal:  J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord       Date:  2020-04-17
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