Fear and Anxiety Associated with Cataract Surgery Under Local Anesthesia in Adults: A Systematic Review.

Cataract surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. Patients usually experience strong negative emotions, such as fear and anxiety. A systematic review of the recent literature regarding the emotional states experienced during cataract surgery under local anaesthesia was performed based on the PubMed and Scopus databases. The objective of this review was to determine the causes and frequency of fear and anxiety, as well as methods for improving intraoperative experience and supporting the patient prior to surgery. Anxiety is mainly caused by fear of the surgery itself, fright of pain, and loss of vision. Abstaining and visual sensations experienced during cataract surgery also increased the preoperative anxiety. Women and hypochondriacs showed higher levels of anxiety. The greatest intensity of negative emotions occurred on the day of the cataract surgery. Patients operated on both eyes experienced greater fear and anxiety before the operation of the first eye surgery. In order to reduce patients' negative experiences, pharmacological sedation, preoperative education and counselling, manual massage immediately before surgery, and listening to music during surgery are used. Taking this information into consideration allows the introduction of effective methods of eliminating the patient's negative feelings in connection with cataract surgery, which leads to an improvement in the results of the operation and an increase in the patients' sense of satisfaction and quality of life.

Plain Language Summary

Cataract surgery most often is performed under the local anesthesia. These caused anxiety and fear on the operated patients. Pharmacological sedation is not always allowed due to general diseases, so there is a need for providing data of another ways to alleviate patients negative emotions. There are several effective methods of achieving this aim: preoperative education and counselling, manual massage immediately before surgery, and listening to music during surgery are used. Applying these techniques leads to an improvement in the results of the operation and an increase in the patients’ sense of satisfaction and quality of life.

Introduction

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, and its removal is currently one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures.1 Adult cataract surgery is performed under local anaesthesia: retrobulbar, peribulbar, and sub-Tenon’s blocks or topical anaesthesia. General anaesthesia is used only in extreme cases. Most surgeons do not recommend taking sedatives prior to cataract surgery, as it may affect the patient’s state of consciousness, mental clarity, and time of reaction. Cataract surgery is performed on conscious patients who can actively and consciously communicate, but can also experience anxiety and fear. Knowledge about the influence of emotional factors, such as stress, fear, and anxiety, on the course of cataract surgery as well as on the eye healing process is of great importance. By introducing effective methods of eliminating or weakening the action of these factors, it is possible to improve the outcome of the surgery, as well as the patient’s satisfaction and quality of life.

Materials and Methods

This systematic review was conducted and reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement and the PRISMA network meta-analysis extension statement.2

A systematic and detailed search for relevant studies was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases. The following keywords and medical terms were used: “fear and cataract surgery”, “fear and phacoemulsification”, “anxiety and cataract surgery”, “anxiety and phacoemulsification”, “emotional factors and cataract surgery”, “sedation and cataract surgery”, “Sedation and phacoemulsification”, “visual sensations during cataract surgery”, “visual sensations during phacoemulsification”, “first eye versus second eye cataract surgery”, “music during cataract surgery”, “massage and cataract surgery”, “preoperative teaching of patients with cataract ”,“ preoperative teaching and cataract surgery ”, “Preoperative education and cataract surgery”, “preoperative counseling and cataract surgery”, “cataract surgery and consent”, “nursing intervention and cataract surgery”.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The abstracts of the found articles were assessed for relevance, and references were screened to identify those that needed to be manually searched. Publications that were available only as abstracts or conference posters were excluded. In this way, 72 full-text original, review and case reports articles related to the topic were selected. None of the relevant articles were excluded based on language. Full-text translation was performed if necessary.

Risk of Bias Assessment

The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated independently by two authors (IO, JK).

Data Extraction

The studies’ demographic details, participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes and limitations were independently extracted by two authors (IO, JK). If disagreements occurred, was discussed and resolved through discussion.

Results

Fear and Anxiety and Its Influence on the Patient’s Physiological State

Fear is defined as an unpleasant emotional state triggered by the perception of threatening stimuli. Fear should be distinguished from anxiety, which is defined as an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future. These emotions differ from one important aspect. Fear has its cause, and once that cause is eliminated, the fear will subside. Anxiety is irrational in nature and is triggered by irrational thoughts. Anxiety is less clearly related to known events or stimuli. However, it creates a lot of tension and a sense of danger.3 In the categorical concept, anxiety can be a transient emotional state (state anxiety) or a persistent, permanent personality trait expressed as a readiness to react with anxiety in certain situations (trait anxiety).

Surgery is a strong stressor that can trigger physiological reactions such as tachycardia, hypertension, hyperventilation, hyperthermia, muscle tension, sweating, and psychological reactions such as fear, anxiety, and acute panic attacks. These physiological and psychological reactions are closely related and are usually undesirable. They can lead to an increase in intraocular pressure and/or blood pressure during surgery, as well as increase the risk of intraoperative bleeding, which may complicate the procedure. There are reports that preoperative anxiety and cardiovascular medical history in combination with prolonged ultrasound during cataract phacoemulsification are significantly more often associated with intraoperative complications.4 It is also known that people who experience greater emotional tension before the operation experience stronger pain sensations. Moreover, preoperative anxiety level was found to be the only significant predictor of pain during cataract surgery.5

Fear and Anxiety Associated with Cataract Surgery

Frequency and Causes

Fear and anxiety are the dominant and most frequently reported negative feelings related to cataract surgery.5–13 However, it is difficult to estimate the number of patients who experience them. Data vary depending on the study group, ophthalmic center, and phase of the entire procedure analyses were carried out. Older studies indicate that 33% of patients report their fear and 32% experience increased emotional tension prior to first-eye cataract surgery.7 The main cause of these emotions is the fear of surgery, such as the fear that the procedure will be painful, fear of failure, and possible deterioration or loss of vision. Patients often feel fear of moving their head or eye during surgery, coughing, or not being able to cooperate with the surgeon.13 The most common cause of fear and anxiety is the negative outcome that will result in the loss of vision (54–55%), followed by pain during operation (41%), its outcome (36%), and finally the fear of the operation itself (29–33%).9,14 As much as 12.7% of patients experience a fear of death during surgery.9 The fear of death occurs regardless of whether the patient undergoes major or minor surgery.10 It is also believed that in ophthalmic surgery, the fear of being blind is analogous to the fear of death associated with major surgery.

Visual Sensations During Cataract Surgery as Fear Triggers

Recent research has shown that most patients experience a variety of visual sensations during cataract surgery under local anaesthesia. The wide range of subjective visual feelings includes light perceptions, flashes, different colours, changes in brightness of the light, different shapes such as clouds, patches or circles, movements of instruments, movements of the surgeon’s hands or fingers, and movements of water.15–17

These findings are clinically significant because some patients who undergo cataract surgery are frightened by intraoperative visual sensations. The number of patients who negatively evaluate visual impressions during cataract surgery depends on the type of anaesthesia used. Operations under retrobulbar anaesthesia result in 7.1 to 9.3% of patients being frightened18,19 and 3 to 13.5% when sub-Tenon’s block is used.20,21 In the case of topical anaesthesia, the percentage is the largest, ranging from 15.4% to 26.4%.15–17 Topical anaesthesia does not affect the function of the optic nerve, which is completely preserved; therefore, patients can experience a wide variety of visual experiences. In contrast, other forms of local anaesthesia may block nerve impulse conduction through the optic nerve, potentially reducing its function and the experience of colourful phenomena. Despite this deeper level of ocular anaesthesia, patients may still experience various visual effects during cataract surgery. Sedatives administered before or during surgery reduce the visual sensation.

In a study by Chaudhry et al,15 a high percentage (26.4%) of fear due to intraoperative visual feelings resulted from the fact that patients were not informed about the possibility of such sensations prior to cataract surgery. A large percentage of ophthalmologists do not have adequate knowledge about the visual sensation during cataract surgery and the frightening feelings they cause in patients.22 As much as 54% of the United Kingdom (UK) ophthalmic surgeons believe that cataract surgery patients do not experience any visual experience.23 On the other hand, about half of Pakistani ophthalmologists believe that the visual impressions experienced by patients during surgery do not cause negative feelings in operated patients.22 This means that most surgeons do not pay attention to this aspect during the preoperative counselling of their patients. However, studies indicate that detailed discussion about visual sensations during cataract surgery during preoperative consultation helps to reduce the anxiety associated with it.24 Haripriya et al25 found a reduction in the percentage of patients experiencing anxiety from 12% to 4.5% after preoperative counselling on intraoperative visual phenomena.

Summary of the date on visual sensations during cataract surgery as fear triggers are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Visual Sensations During Cataract Surgery as Fear Triggers

Author	Year	Sample Size	Setting	Main Findings
Chaudhry et al15	2014	53	Pakistan	26.4% of patients operated on cataract under topical anesthesia reported fear due to intraoperative visual sensations
Ang et al16	2007	98	Singapore	19.4% of operated due to cataract under topical anesthesia found their visual experience frightening
Au Eong et al17	2000	52	Singapore	15.4% of patients operated under topical anesthesia found their visual experience frightening
Au Eong et al18	2000	52	Singapore	7.1% of patients operated under retrobulbar anesthesia found their visual experience frightening
Rengaraj et al19	2004	306	India	10.4% in the topical anesthesia group and 9.3% in the retrobulbar anesthesia group found their visual experience frightening
Prasad et al20	2003	121	United Kingdom	3% of patients during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under sub-Tenon’s block found the visual experience frightening and 4% thought it to be unpleasant
Wickremasinghe et al21	2003	104	United Kingdom	13.5% of patients operated under subtenons anesthesia found the visual experience frightening. Frightening visual experiences were significantly associated with the perception of colour (P=0.005) and photophobia (P=0.003).

Fasting versus Anxiety

Whether a patient operated for cataracts, especially under topical anaesthesia, should be on an empty stomach before the procedure is still an ongoing issue. The rigid recommendation to abstain prior to cataract surgery is used in ophthalmic centres in many countries, although there is considerable evidence of adverse effects of this practice.26 Fasting has been found to cause a number of undesirable emotions in patients, including anxiety, irritability, and anger, often accompanied by headaches.27,28 Other negative effects of abstaining include dehydration, hypovolemia, hypotension, catabolism, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, fasting before surgery under local anaesthesia provides the possibility of conversion to general anaesthesia or airway manipulation in a critical situation. It also minimises aspiration risk when patients require intravenous sedation. This is especially true for the elderly with disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux, hiatus hernia, diabetic neuropathy, or renal dysfunction.26

Considering all the pros and cons, the prevailing view today is that the advantages of abstaining before routine cataract surgery under local anaesthesia are an outbalance of the low risk of pulmonary complications. This applies mainly to patients who are not sedated.29 In UK, patients under local anaesthesia without sedation do not need to be fasted.27

Factors Related to Fear and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery

A higher level of fear and anxiety is found in women, hypochondriacs, hysterics, and trait anxiety.6,11 People with higher visual acuity before surgery are more anxious about losing their vision. On the other hand, older people with poor visual acuity are less stressed in this respect.7

Additional aspects also influence the emotional condition of the patients. These include the relationship between the patient and the doctor, the scope of the patient’s preoperative education about cataract and its treatment, previous experience, waiting period before the surgery, work organisation in the hospital in which the operation takes place, social support, the patient’s general emotional state, and coping with stress.12 The emotional state of a patient depends on many unpredictable circumstances and varies from stage to stage throughout the cataract treatment process.

Intensity of Fear and Anxiety in the Perioperative Period

The intensity of fear and anxiety associated with the cataract removal procedure fluctuated continuously during the perioperative period. At the preoperative stage, patients experience strong negative emotions, gradually increasing until the day of the operation, when they reach their maximum. Fear builds up on the admission day and in the immediate preoperative stage. Anxiety clearly decreases immediately after the operation because of the relief that the procedure is over.8,11 The next day, the tension increases again, but it is usually not as high as before the surgery. This rebound in emotions results from the fear of surgical outcomes.12 Below is an analysis of the individual stages of the routine cataract surgery procedure, taking into account the causes of fear and anxiety typically occurring during these periods.

Diagnosis

The first step in the entire cataract treatment procedure is to make a diagnosis and advise the patient to undergo surgery. This information can create anxiety and uncertainty in patients due to the uncertainty associated with surgery outcomes. Studies have shown that some people feel more anxious at the time of diagnosis than on the day of the procedure.8 Usually, tension decreases when the patient obtains more information about the course of the entire cataract treatment process, including the surgery itself and its expected effects.

Waiting Time for a Cataract Surgery

The waiting time for cataract surgery varies from country to country. The longer it is, the greater is the negative impact on the patient’s emotional state. Poor visual acuity in patients with cataracts may significantly limit their daily activities. Marback et al9 reported that due to the deterioration of visual acuity as a result of the development of cataracts, up to 83% of patients have difficulties in performing everyday activities, such as walking, watching TV, reading, or doing needlework. The development of cataracts and the accompanying limitations in everyday life cause anxiety in 26% of the above-mentioned subjects, sadness in 25%, and anger for needing to undergo surgery in 4.5%. In addition, there is a fear of further deterioration of visual acuity in the face of long waiting times for surgery. If the patient is assisted with daily activities, then anxiety and fear are reduced.

Experience with first-eye surgery also affects fear and anxiety levels. When these experiences are positive, the tension before the operation of the other eye is much lower.12 Support from family, neighbours, or friends may have different influences on the emotions of the operated person. Positive and even more negative experiences and opinions of other people about cataract surgery strongly affect the emotions of the patient preparing for the procedure. They can both weaken and increase fear of surgery. In this situation, it is extremely important to be able to separate the subjective feelings of other people from the reliable medical knowledge provided by a doctor.

Day of Surgery

The day of surgery was the most stressful. During this time, the fear of pain and surgery as such and the possibility of negative outcomes were the strongest. Trust in the surgeon is an important factor in reducing fear. If the surgeon is experienced and recommended, preoperative anxiety is significantly reduced. If a patient learns that the operation will be performed by a trainee, the feeling of fear increases drastically.30 Most patients feel more comfortable during surgery when among the staff there is someone they know. Being one of many anonymous people operated on a given day worsens the patient’s well-being.12 Patients who establish even a temporary relationship and sympathy with fellow patients feel less stress while waiting for a moment to go to the operating theatre.

The time spent in the operating room is particularly stressful due to the place, which is sterile by definition, and therefore less cosy and patient-friendly. The lying position, covering the body and head with surgical drapes, cold air conditioning, extraneous noises of working medical devices, and the bustle of the staff are stressful.13 In people who have already been operated on one eye, additional stress during surgery occurs when the activities and procedures performed by medical personnel differ from those remembered from the previous operation. The patient interpreted this as an appearance of intraoperative difficulties. It turns out that a great many patients perceive differences, if any, in the various elements of the management of the operating theatre during the first and second eye surgeries. During the second procedure, they are usually less anxious, and therefore their perception increases.31,32 This should be considered if the operation of the second eye differs from the first. This may apply to procedures performed in different ophthalmic centres, where perioperative procedures may be slightly different. But also the same ophthalmic centre, when the operated eyes differ in the scale of the difficulty of the procedure and require a different intraoperative approach, or when the time interval between operations is large enough that certain procedures could be modified. The calm voice of the surgeon has a very positive effect on calming the patient during the operation, explaining that the operation is as planned, nothing wrong is happening, and the procedure will end soon.13,33

Early Period After Cataract Surgery

On the day of the immediate postoperative visit, the patient still felt tension, but it was much lower than before the surgery and was caused by the fear of outcome. When visual acuity after surgery is not improved, there is a growing concern that the surgery has failed and that vision will be lost. Conversation with a doctor about the causes of reduced visual acuity can reduce patients’ anxiety.12 Anxiety about the proper course of eye healing increases in a patient with poor postoperative visual acuity, especially if the waiting period between follow-up visits is long. The possibility of more frequent check-ups and consulting patients’ doubts with a doctor significantly reduces the tension that accompanies the patient during this period.

Interestingly, in the postoperative period, patients usually experience reduced anxiety before surgery. When asked about the most stressful feeling related to the entire procedure before and again after the cataract operation, patients gave different reasons. Before the surgery, there was a fear of vision loss, and after the operation, the greatest anxiety was related to the surgery itself.10 In the postoperative period, when the patient experienced an improvement in visual acuity, the related tension decreased significantly. The fear felt before surgery is interpreted as a natural fear accompanying the procedure itself.

Late Period After Cataract Surgery

The late period after cataract surgery creates the least stressful situation. If the eye takes a long time to heal, the fear returns whether visual acuity will eventually improve. Patients with postoperative complications experience a fear of loss of vision and further treatment, including surgery. The long waiting time for the operation of the second eye also causes anxiety, and the associated fear that surgery performed later rather than sooner will have a negative outcome.

Comparison Between Fear and Anxiety Feelings During First- and Second-Eye Surgery

Fagerström7 found that the positive experiences of the first eye surgery, including its painless course and satisfactory improvement in vision, significantly reduced the fear of the second surgery and the fear of becoming blind. Pager34 noted that patients who had operated the second eye were less anxious prior to surgery and rated the second surgery as more comfortable than the first one, and outcome satisfaction more often met their preoperative expectations. Even 2/3 of patients who were “very or extremely anxious” during the first operation did not experience anxiety during the second eye surgery.31 Interestingly, although most of the patients were less nervous before the second surgery, they considered the second eye surgery more painful and longer than the first one.35,36 This is due to the drop in tension before the second operation, which makes the patient more aware and focused.

Mitsonis et al6 showed that during the first-eye surgery, patients experienced the greatest peak anxiety on the day of the surgery, while those operated on the second eye presented no fluctuations in rated anxiety. In the preoperative period, anxiety is higher in patients operated for the first time, and in the postoperative period in those operated for the second time.8,11 A comparison of the causes of negative emotions in patients operated on in both eyes showed that the fear of being blinded and the operation as such prevailed before the first operation, and in those operated on the cataract of the other eye, the fear of intraoperative complications and lack of vision improvement.10

Most reports indicate that fear and tension are lower before the second eye cataract surgery. However, patients experience greater stress before the second surgery. In this case, less negative emotions before the first eye surgery result from little knowledge about the surgery itself and its course, and the lack of interest in possible outcomes. The experience from the first operation increases the tension while waiting for the second operation.12

Summary of the date on comparison of patients` feelings during first- or second-eye cataract surgery are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Comparison Between Patients` Feelings During First- or Second-Eye Cataract Surgery

Author	Year	Sample Size	Setting	Main Findings
Mitsonis et al6	2006	278	Greece	During the first-eye surgery, patients experienced the greatest peak anxiety on the day of the surgery, while those operated on the second eye presented no fluctuations in rated anxiety
Fagerström et al7	1993	100	Finland	Positive experiences of the first-eye surgery, including its painless course and satisfactory improvement in vision, significantly reduced the fear of the second surgery and the fear of becoming blind
Foggitt et al8	2001	108	United Kingdom	In the preoperative period, anxiety is higher in patients operated for the first time, and in the postoperative period in those operated for the second eye
Ramirez et al10	2017	61	USA	Fear of being blinded and the operation as such prevailed before the first eye cataract surgery. In those operated on the second eye prevailed fear of intraoperative complications and lack of vision improvement.
Heard et al31	2020	198	USA	2/3 of patients who were “very or extremely anxious” during the first operation did not experience anxiety during the second-eye surgery
Ługowska et al32	2020	200	Poland	Patients experienced greater anxiety before their first-cataract surgery than before the second-eye surgery
Pager et al34	2005	160	Wales	Patients who had operated the second eye were less anxious prior to surgery and rated the second surgery as more comfortable than the first one
Yu et al35	2016	127	China	Patients experienced less anxiety, a greater number of eye bulges and pain during second cataract surgery compared to the first surgery
Adatia et al36	2015	292	Canada	42.8% patients rated second-eye surgery as more unpleasant procedure. 72% were similarly or more relaxed during the second operation. The second-eye cataract surgery was perceived as being a longer and more painful by 45.4% of patients

Discussion

Simple methods, such as reducing noise, maintaining a pleasant temperature in the rooms, reducing lighting, or using a calm tone of voice by medical staff can improve the patient’s comfort and thus reduce anxiety during cataract surgery. There is also evidence of the beneficial effects of other methods of reducing fear and anxiety, both before and during surgery.

Pharmacological Methods

Similar to every procedure, cataract surgery also induces fear and anxiety. Apart from traditional anaesthesia of the eye, sedation and/or analgesia are sometimes used to minimise the patient’s emotional discomfort. There is no gold standard for the management of anaesthesia, and the use of sedation/analgesia varies widely between countries. It is dictated by many factors, including resources, healthcare system policy, institutional practice, tradition, patient expectations, and preferences of ophthalmologists and anesthesiologists. There are countries where sedation appears to be routinely used for cataract surgery, such as Singapore,27 the USA,37 and Canada.38 There are also countries where the frequency of sedation is negligible, such as in the UK (4%)39 or absent, such as in the Netherlands.27 There is a long tradition in the UK in which nurses prepare patients for cataract surgery. Their task is to explain to the patient the basics of the entire procedure inform about the recommended behaviour in the operating theatre, calm patient down, and clarify all doubts. This brings very good results in terms of reducing anxiety and improving patient cooperation during surgery.40,41 Many of the operated patients seemed happy with an explanation rather than sedation. It must be remembered that sedation, although it reduces anxiety, reduces the patient’s ability to cooperate during the operation. This is especially true for the elderly, who constitute the majority of cataract surgeries.

Regardless of the general approach to sedation, there is always a certain group of patients whose fear of surgery and emotions associated with it are so great that without pharmacological sedation surgery cannot be performed. It is believed that ideal sedation during cataract surgery should reduce anxiety and stress response, raise the pain threshold, improve cooperation, and eliminate unwanted movements.27 Sedation should strike a balance between the reduction of anxiety and pain control without losing consciousness and awareness. Sedative and analgesic medications should not disturb the patient’s ability to communicate. There are currently two sedation options for cataract surgery: oral administration before surgery or intravenous administration during surgery.

Oral sedatives include benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, and lorazepam), gabapentinoids (pregabalin, gabapentin), melatonin, and α2 adrenoreceptor agonists (clonidine). Preoperative oral medication has the disadvantage that the effect is delayed in time, and it is impossible to predict precisely when it occurs. There is also no exact control of sedation level.27 There are reports that intravenous midazolam administered 15 min before cataract surgery does not significantly reduce pain and anxiety levels.42

When administered intravenously, the following drugs are used: benzodiazepines, propofol, opioids, and an α2 adrenoreceptor agonist. Estimating the appropriate dose of a drug to achieve the desired level of sedation with minimal side effects is difficult because the spectrum of patient response to a given drug is very broad.27 Hence, with a very short procedure, that is, cataract phacoemulsification, the gains in the form of calming the patient may not outweigh the losses caused by the deterioration of his ability to cooperate. The patient’s reaction to intravenous sedatives is impossible to predict. Some elderly people go into a deeper level of sedation and even fall asleep. The patient may move uncontrollably when confusion occurs after a sudden wake up.

Melatonin is an alternative to the common sedatives used in anaesthesia. Studies on the effects of melatonin showed that it reduces anxiety, enhances analgesia, and reduces intraocular pressure when administered orally at a dose of 3 or 10 mg 60–90 minutes before surgery.43,44 The sedative effect of melatonin is explained by its effect on GABAergic and benzodiazepine receptors. Melatonin does not affect psychomotor skills, and thus the patient’s ability to cooperate.

As suggested by Nijkamp et al,11 complete suppression of the fear of surgery using pharmacological methods is not beneficial because low levels of anxiety are actually recommended and may be helpful in effective preparation for surgery and proper coping with discomfort during the procedure. It also prevents disappointment and failure of patients’ expectations of postoperative outcomes. In summary, the modern technique of cataract surgery, including small-incision phacoemulsification under topical anaesthesia, is a very short and safe medical procedure associated with minimal pain. Adequate education before surgery is usually sufficient to reduce the stress associated with surgery.

Preoperative Educating and Counselling

Preoperative education and counselling, the aim of which is to provide the patient with reliable and accessible information on cataracts and methods of its treatment, has a huge positive impact on reducing the fear and anxiety associated with surgery.45 Ophthalmologists and other healthcare professionals can contribute to improving communication with patients in the preoperative period. These can be nurses, social workers, psychologists, health care educators, teachers, and occupational therapists.9 The aim of preoperative education and counselling is not only to provide information and clarify the patient’s doubts, but also to reassure them. To meet this task, the person interviewing the patient must be properly prepared for it, both in terms of content and psychology.

A well-conducted preoperative information session should consider patient needs and the specificity of their age. Sufficient time should be devoted and allow them to asking questions. The type of information that is given and the way it is communicated are also important. People who are more knowledgeable about the procedure and those who accept the proposed treatments are usually less stressed. To increase the acceptance of patients for the proposed procedures, it must make sense to them. However, the amount of information required by each patient depends on the individual. There are people who do not want to be thoroughly informed, especially regarding possible complications. Thus, a statement can be made that as medical information increases, so does fear and anxiety.46–49 This applies more often to elderly and poorly educated individuals. While it is important for the patient to understand the risks involved, balancing the patient’s anxiety and likelihood of complications is a very delicate matter. Excessive informing with possible complications can be counterproductive.10 During the conversation with the patient, emphasis should be placed on what he or she will feel, see, or hear during the operation, and to a lesser extent on the details of the surgical technique itself.

Some patients expect to be told almost everything about the surgery and they appreciate the doctor’s honesty, especially about all possible complications. This allows them to make a fully informed decision regarding consent to surgery.12 This advantage is especially emphasised by people who cope well in stressful situations.

The way in which medical information is communicated to the patient is important. Older people prefer traditional methods, while younger patients are eager to use multimedia aids. Most operated patients prefer oral consultations rather than written information. Direct contact with a doctor brings more positive effects, allowing the patient to ask questions and clarify incomprehensible issues on a regular basis. On the other hand, the advantage of written information is the possibility of repeated access to it and recalling information that has not been remembered. The research also shows that the combination of face-to-face discussion with the information brochure is best rated by operated patients. This provides a high and desirable level of information retention in patients.12

The use of multimedia in the process of educating patients increases the number of information remembered by the patient and positively influences the emotional state. Computer-animated videos are one of the most frequently used multimedia methods. Tan et al50 showed that watching simple videos significantly reduced fear. In his research, 54% of subjects preferred verbal (spoken) information, 47% preferred video CD information, and 36% preferred printed information. Interesting observations were made by Pager et al,34 who presented two videos to the respondents before the procedure: one about the formation of cataracts and the other about the course of the operation itself and possible complications. Although it was shown that people who watched pre-recorded surgery were more nervous than those who watched the film only containing the formation of lens opacities, the final satisfaction with the surgery was higher in the former. In addition, their intraoperative well-being was much better, and their pain and discomfort were much lower than expected.51–53

One idea for reducing the fear of cataract surgery is to involve nurses or social workers in the patient education process. It is about people who easily establish contact and good relations with the patient, which facilitates communication and inspires trust. It has been shown that informative, educational, and planned nursing care has a very beneficial effect on reducing the level of anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery.54 Gong et al40 showed that nursing intervention, in the form of several meetings in the week immediately preceding admission to the hospital, significantly reduced preoperative anxiety, improved cooperation between the patient and medical staff during surgery, and increased satisfaction with postoperative outcomes. These meetings included psychological support for the patient, helped in preparing for the procedure, and provided the necessary information on the structure of the eye, cataracts and its treatment, as well as on pain management and postoperative rehabilitation. The authors indicate that the involvement of nurses in the process of preparing patients for surgery should be a routine procedure.

The great fear of cataract surgery may be the reason for cancelling the procedure. The importance of preoperative counselling in preventing patients from withdrawing from surgery was shown in the research by Newman-Casey et al.55 According to their study, adequate education increases the number of people who decided to undergo surgery by 14% despite prior fears and the willingness to postpone it indefinitely. As much as 98.9% of the respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with their counselling. 93% of subjects said that counsellors had a decisive influence on their decision to undergo cataract surgery.

Hand Massage Before Cataract Surgery

Hand massage therapy is one of the most popular methods for reducing nervous tension and relaxing the patient. It is safe, inexpensive, non-invasive, and easy to apply. One of the proven massage methods to reduce preoperative anxiety is slow-stroke back massage (SSBM). During SSBM, the hands side over the skin which causes gentle movement of the skin but not the deep muscles. SSBM massage was performed 30 min before the procedure in a sitting position. The massage is slow, rhythmic, and involves gentle movements of the hands on a patient`s back, with a speed of about 60 moves per minute.56 It was shown that massaged people were more relaxed and less nervous about the operation, and their anxiety level was statistically significantly lower after the massage than before.56,57

A short 5–10 min manual massage, performed immediately before cataract surgery, not only lowers the anxiety level,58,59 but also has a positive effect on other vital parameters, the increase of which may be a symptom of nervousness and nervousness tension accompanying the patient before surgery. Massage has a beneficial effect on reducing heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and respiration rate.60,61 It did not have any effect on oxygen saturation.

Although the exact mechanism by which massage reduces anxiety is unknown, it is believed that it may reduce and weaken patients` perception and environmental sensitivity. In addition, it has a stimulating and relaxing effect on muscles and tissues by improving blood flow. Another hypothesis is that massage increases the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, and reduces cortisol levels. The production of endorphins, including serotonin and dopamine, is stimulated, which reduces anxiety levels.62

Music Used for the Cataract Surgery

Many studies have shown that listening to music before and during cataract surgery has a positive effect on patients. Music listened to immediately before surgery lowers the level of anxiety and fear63–68 and reduces anxiety-related hypertension during surgery.63 Listening to music during surgery reduces pain sensations,69 anxiety level,64,67,70 and overall blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and decrease the need for sedative drugs.64,68,70

Physiological and emotional reactions to music depend on many factors, such as musical preferences or current mood. However, there are universal mechanisms for perceiving music. Acoustic driving is a natural phenomenon related to the influence of music on the listener from a physiological point of view. It is based on the adaptation of the rhythm of the recipient’s body physiological processes to the rhythm of the music being listened to by resonance. The heartbeat, breathing, and conduction of nerve impulses can be synchronised with the rhythm of the music. This is due to the influence of music on the autonomic nervous system and related organs. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the level of activation of the body, which translates into heart rate, pace and depth of breathing, blood pressure, muscle tension, secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, rate of nerve impulse conduction, the immune system, and other physiological processes. Emotional and physiological relaxation is achieved with the help of appropriately selected music, which inhibits the excessive activity of the sympathetic system and stimulates the parasympathetic system. The activation of the parasympathetic system is associated with slowing down the heart and breathing, lowering blood pressure, and reducing muscle tension. Music can also inhibit the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters in the body, including cortisol and adrenaline, which are responsible for the mobilisation of the organism and negative affective states. However, it increases the secretion of chemicals related to good mood and physical well-being, such as dopamine, serotonin, and endogenous opioids.71

Some studies have shown that music selected by patients can be useful in reducing stress levels, even when it is not typically sedative. Patients who listened to music during cataract surgery experienced less intraoperative anxiety if they heard no music or music they had selected themselves as opposed to music selected by the operating surgeon.72 Older people who operated on for cataracts under retrobulbar anaesthesia were more satisfied when they listened to relaxing music during surgery and when they had a choice whether to listen to music during surgery or not.73

Summary of the date on the effect of listening to music before and during cataract surgery are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Music Listened Before and During Cataract Surgery

Author	Year	Sample Size	Setting	Main Findings
Guerrier et al63	2020	310	France	Music listened to immediately before cataract surgery lowers the level of anxiety and reduces anxiety-related hypertension during surgery
Merakou et al64	2015	200	Greece	Music listened to before surgery lowers the level of anxiety and fear. Listening to music during surgery reduces anxiety level and overall blood pressure
Bringman et al65	2009	177	Sweden	Relaxing music decreases the level of anxiety in a pre-operative setting to a greater extent than orally administrated midazolam
Bellan et al66	2002	144	Canada	Oral sedation and listening to music before surgery were associated with decreased anxiety and increased levels of sedation
Muddanaet al67	2020	165	India	Music listened before and during cataract surgery presented reductions in self-reported anxiety before, during and after surgery and a significant decrease in postoperative blood pressure
Wiwatwongwana et al68	2016	141	Thailand	Intraoperative music was proven to decrease anxiety level and lower systolic blood pressure
Choi et al69	2018	52	Republic of Korea	Korean traditional music had a significant effect on reducing pain experienced by patients during cataract surgery
Camera et al70	2008	203	Hawaii, USA	Live classical piano music lowered the blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery
Karwoski et al72	2010	93	USA	Patients having cataract surgery experienced less intra- and postoperative anxiety if they heard no music or music they had selected themselves as opposed to music selected by the operating surgeon
Cruise et al73	1997	120	Canada	Elderly patients undergoing cataract surgery under retrobulbar block were more satisfied if they heard relaxing music, rather than relaxing suggestions or white noise. The type of auditory stimuli did not influence the level of anxiety.

Conclusion

Cataract surgery under local anaesthesia is often accompanied by fear and anxiety. These emotions result from fear of surgery, such as pain and loss of vision. Abstaining before surgery is a factor that increases preoperative anxiety, and visual sensations during cataract surgery increase fear. Women, hysterics, and hypochondriacs showed higher levels of state anxiety. The greatest intensity of negative emotions occurred on the day of the cataract surgery. Patients operated on both eyes experienced less fear and anxiety before the operation of the other eye. The most effective in reducing fear and tension is adequate preoperative education and counselling for patients. Patients prefer oral information rather than being printed. Combining a conversation with watching a video of cataract surgery significantly lowers preoperative anxiety. Short massage administered immediately before surgery has been shown to reduce anxiety, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and respiration rate. Music listened to by patients before and during surgery has a very beneficial effect on reducing fear and anxiety and reducing pain sensation and anxiety-related hypertension during surgery.