Chelsea P Fischer1,2, Karl Y Bilimoria3, Amir A Ghaferi4,5. 1. Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois. 2. Division for Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois. 3. Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 4. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan. 5. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.