Rand Hussein1, Colin R J Whaley2, Esther C J Lin1, Kelly Grindrod3. 1. School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. 2. School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. 3. School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Kelly.grindrod@uwaterloo.ca.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As pharmacy evolves, pharmacy professionals continue to struggle to practice to their full scope. A theoretically-informed intervention to change practice can support pharmacy professionals in providing full scope services. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) can inform the design of a behaviour change intervention to improve the uptake of full scope services among pharmacy professionals. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to: (1) identify barriers and facilitators influencing the adoption of full scope services among pharmacy professionals, and (2) identify optimal behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to address the identified barriers and facilitators. METHODS: A three-step, mixed method study was conducted. First, a 24-item TDF-based survey was sent via email to users of a national computer-based educational platform (n = 2696). Second, TDF-based interviews were conducted with a convenient sample of survey respondents and analyzed using the framework method. Finally, validated linkages were used to link BCTs with corresponding barriers and facilitators, then interview data were analyzed using a deductive approach to guide the selection of the BCTs. RESULTS: A total of 225 participants completed the survey and 24 telephone interviews were conducted (17 pharmacists, 7 pharmacy technicians). A number of key barriers were identified on an individual level (e.g., lack of clear professional identity and limited decision-making skills in ambiguous cases) and on an organizational level (e.g., lack of social support from managers and concerns about making more errors with the current workflow). Mapping the barriers and facilitators to BCTs yielded 18 BCTs to support the adoption of full scope services, including modeling, rehearsal/practice, and social support. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted several barriers that need to be addressed to facilitate pharmacy professionals working to their full scope, including professional collaboration, professional identity, and adequate training. A comprehensive intervention combining skills training with modeling, social support, and decision-making tools could encourage practice change.
BACKGROUND: As pharmacy evolves, pharmacy professionals continue to struggle to practice to their full scope. A theoretically-informed intervention to change practice can support pharmacy professionals in providing full scope services. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) can inform the design of a behaviour change intervention to improve the uptake of full scope services among pharmacy professionals. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to: (1) identify barriers and facilitators influencing the adoption of full scope services among pharmacy professionals, and (2) identify optimal behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to address the identified barriers and facilitators. METHODS: A three-step, mixed method study was conducted. First, a 24-item TDF-based survey was sent via email to users of a national computer-based educational platform (n = 2696). Second, TDF-based interviews were conducted with a convenient sample of survey respondents and analyzed using the framework method. Finally, validated linkages were used to link BCTs with corresponding barriers and facilitators, then interview data were analyzed using a deductive approach to guide the selection of the BCTs. RESULTS: A total of 225 participants completed the survey and 24 telephone interviews were conducted (17 pharmacists, 7 pharmacy technicians). A number of key barriers were identified on an individual level (e.g., lack of clear professional identity and limited decision-making skills in ambiguous cases) and on an organizational level (e.g., lack of social support from managers and concerns about making more errors with the current workflow). Mapping the barriers and facilitators to BCTs yielded 18 BCTs to support the adoption of full scope services, including modeling, rehearsal/practice, and social support. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted several barriers that need to be addressed to facilitate pharmacy professionals working to their full scope, including professional collaboration, professional identity, and adequate training. A comprehensive intervention combining skills training with modeling, social support, and decision-making tools could encourage practice change.
Authors: Amy Grant; Liam Rowe; Natalie Kennie-Kaulbach; Andrea Bishop; Julia Kontak; Sam Stewart; Bobbi Morrison; Ingrid Sketris; Glenn Rodrigues; Laura Minard; Anne Marie Whelan; Lisa Woodill; Elizabeth Jeffers; Judith Fisher; Juanna Ricketts; Jennifer E Isenor Journal: Res Social Adm Pharm Date: 2022-08-20