Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Intrastromal Injections of Voriconazole, Amphotericin B and Natamycin in Cases of Recalcitrant Fungal Keratitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of intrastromal voriconazole (IS-VCZ), amphotericin B (IS-AMB) and natamycin (IS-NTM) as an adjunct to topical natamycin (NTM) in cases of recalcitrant fungal keratitis.
DESIGN: Prospective randomized trial.
SETTING: Tertiary eye centre. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty eyes of 60 patients with microbiologically proven recalcitrant fungal keratitis (ulcer size >2 mm, depth >50% of stroma, and not responding to topical NTM therapy for two weeks) were recruited.
METHODS: patients were randomized into three groups of 20 eyes, each receiving ISVCZ 50ug/0.1 mL, ISAMB, 5ug/0.1 mL and ISNTM 10ug/0.1 mL (prepared aseptically in ocular pharmacology). The patients in all three groups continued topical NTM 5% every four hours until the ulcer healed. Primary outcome measure was time taken till complete clinical resolution of infection, and secondary outcome measure was best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at six months.
RESULTS: All three groups had comparable baseline parameters. The mean duration of healing was significantly better (p=0.02) in the ISNTM group (34±5.2 days) as compared to the ISVCZ group (36.1±4.8 days) and the ISAMB group (39.2±7.2 days). About 95%, 90% and 95% patients healed successfully in the ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM groups, respectively. In terms of healing, deep vascularization was significantly greater in the ISAMB group (55%, p=0.02) when compared to the ISVCZ and ISNTM groups (31% and 26%, respectively). There were fewer repeat injections in the ISNTM group (7/20 vs 8/20 and 9/20 in the ISVCZ and ISNTM groups, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Intrastromal injections are a safe and effective adjunct to conventional therapy in the management of recalcitrant fungal keratitis. ISNTM had a similar visual outcome with faster healing while ISAMB had a higher rate of deep vascularization after healing.

Plain Language Summary

In this randomized trial involving 60 patients with fungal keratitis, 95%, 90% and 95% of patients healed successfully in the ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM groups; that is, there were no significant differences.

The three intrastromal injections are comparable in efficacy and treating ophthalmologists can choose from any of these as an adjunct to conventional therapy for recalcitrant fungal keratitis.

Introduction

Fungal keratitis often presents with deep stromal abscess and endothelial plaque that needs to be managed timely and appropriately to prevent resultant ocular morbidity.1 Standard topical therapy with commonly used antifungal agents, namely, Natamycin (NTM) 5% and Voriconazole (VCZ) 1%, may not be sufficient for treating non-responding fungal keratitis due to limited efficacy and the low capability of the medications to penetrate the deep layers of the cornea. Various other interventions, such as penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), collagen cross-linking with photoactivated riboflavin (PACK-CXL), excisional keratectomy combined with focal cryotherapy and amniotic membrane inlay, have been proposed to deal with these cases.2–4 However, these have their own limitations and targeted delivery of antifungal agents at the ulcer site by means of intrastromal injections remains an effective alternative of bypassing these complex options.5,6 These injections are known to enhance the drug levels at the desired site of the cornea thereby allowing successful healing of the corneal ulcer.5,10–16

Voriconazole is the most commonly used antifungal agent for intrastromal delivery (ISVCZ) and numerous studies have previously proven its efficacy in recalcitrant cases.6 Similarly, intrastromal Amphotericin-B (ISAMB) has also been employed successfully for targeted drug delivery.7 In an experimental study in rabbit eyes by Mimouni et al, intrastromal natamycin (ISNTM) was employed successfully for treatment of Fusarium keratitis.8 While many studies have individually described the utility of these drugs for intrastromal injections in recalcitrant fungal keratitis, there is a relative paucity of peer-reviewed literature prospectively comparing the safety and efficacy of these drugs.

We conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine and compare the safety and efficacy of ISVCZ 50ug/0.1 mL, ISAMB 5ug/0.1 mL and ISNTM 10ug/0.1 mL as adjuncts to topical NTM 5% in cases of recalcitrant fungal keratitis.

Methods

The study was a prospective interventional study. The research was conducted adhering to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional ethics committee approval from the ethics committee of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (IECPG-106/30.12.2015) was obtained before starting the study. The research has also been registered under the Clinical Trials Registry, India (CTRI/2021/01/030360), National Institute of Medical Statistics, ICMR, New Delhi (). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Patient Selection

All consecutive patients presenting to our centre with unilateral fungal keratitis between January 2016 and July 2017 were screened for the following criteria: age >18 years, ulcer size >2 mm in any dimension, involving more than 50% stromal thickness and smear or culture-proven recalcitrant fungal keratitis (Figure 1). Recalcitrant keratitis was defined as the ulcer showing no change/increase in the size of the epithelial defect, decrease of less than 20% of stromal infiltrate or increase in hypopyon on standard topical NTM 5% therapy for at least two weeks. The exclusion criteria were cases of mixed infection on smear or culture analysis, evidence of herpetic keratitis, impending perforation, bilateral ulcers, those with vision of less than 6/60 in the fellow eye, pregnancy or breastfeeding and history of known drug allergies. Patients not compliant with medications or not ready for follow-up were excluded from the study.

Figure 1

Participant flow diagram.

After obtaining a thorough history regarding onset, progression and duration of the ulcer, a detailed history of prior ocular trauma/surgery, steroid use and drug allergies was sought. The patients were also asked about systemic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and drug allergies, if any. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded using both Snellen chart and the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) scale.The values of low vision like <1/60 (logMAR 1.77) were recorded as follows: counting fingers close to face − 1.9, hand movements close to face − 2.3, light perception − 2.7 and no light perception − 3.9 A detailed slit-lamp examination was undertaken by the treating ophthalmologist to note the size of epithelial defect and the stromal infiltrate. Both the parameters were measured in the greatest dimension and an axis perpendicular to it. They were expressed as mean of the longest dimension and the longest perpendicular dimension. The depth of the ulcer and the presence and height of hypopyon were also noted. Baseline clinical photography with and without fluorescein staining was performed. The posterior segment was evaluated clinically whenever possible, and B-scan ultrasonography was undertaken in all patients to rule out coexisting endophthalmitis. Following this, all patients were subjected to corneal scraping after a wash out period of 24 hours and the sample was sent for microbiological evaluation (gram staining, potassium hydroxide wet-mount preparation and culture and sensitivity on blood agar, chocolate agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar).

Once the diagnosis of fungal keratitis was confirmed, patients were started on topical NTM 5% two hourly and homatropine 2% four times a day. The patients were followed up for two weeks and, if the keratitis became recalcitrant, intrastromal injections were advised by the treating ophthalmologist.

Sixty eyes of 60 patients fulfilling our inclusion criteria were randomized into three groups of 20 patients each by a co-investigator using a random number table. ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM were administered to group 1, 2 and 3 patients, respectively. Double-masking was performed and both the patients and the treating ophthalmologists were masked. Repeat intrastromal injections were administered after 72 hours if required.

Drug Preparation

ISVCZ 50µg/0.1 mL was prepared by reconstituting voriconazole 200 mg powder (Sun Pharma, Mumbai, India) with 19 mL Ringer's lactate. One milliliter of this solution was diluted further with 20 mL Ringer's lactate to obtain 0.5mg/mL (50 ug/0.1 mL) solution for the intrastromal injection.

ISAMB 5ug/0.1 mL was prepared by reconstituting 50 mg of AMB vial with 10mL of 5% dextrose. Of this solution, 0.1mL was further diluted with 9.9 mL of 5% dextrose to achieve a concentration of 500 µg in 10 mL (50 µg/mL); 0.1mL of this solution contained 5µg AMB and was employed for intrastromal injection.

ISNTM was prepared in the Department of Ocular Pharmacology, using a cyclodextrin-drug complexation technique (patent filed, available for use on request by treating clinician). The supernatant produced after overnight stirring of drug and cyclodextrin mixed in water was subjected to lyophilization. The drug content of the lyophilized powder was analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. For preparing ISNTM injection, the required amount of lyophilized powder was mixed in water, and sodium chloride was added to maintain the osmolarity of the formulation. The formulation was sterilized by passing it through a 0.22µm filter, and was dispensed in ampules. All formulation preparation processes were conducted under a laminar hood in strict aseptic conditions. The sterility of the final formulation was assured by subjecting it to bacteriological and fungal culture tests. The final formulation, found to be sterile with an osmolarity of 290 mOsm (per liter or kg), was used.

Surgical Technique

The drug was injected by the co-investigator, an experienced cornea specialist, under preferably topical anesthesia. However, for uncooperative patients peribulbar anesthesia was administered. The procedure was performed under strict aseptic precautions. After cleaning the periocular area with 10% povidone iodine and conjunctival sac area with 5% povidone iodine, a sterile drape was placed on the patient. The reconstituted solution was loaded in a 1 mL tuberculin syringe with a 30‑gauge needle. Under full aseptic conditions, the needle, with its bevel up, was inserted obliquely from the uninvolved site to reach the infiltrate at the mid-stromal level. The drug was injected at the boundaries of the infiltrate in a circumferential manner to barrage the lesion. The amount of hydration of the cornea was used as a guide to assess the area covered. On achieving the desired amount of hydration, the plunger was withdrawn slightly to ensure discontinuation of the capillary column, thus preventing back‑leakage of the drug. Anterior chamber wash for hypopyon was not performed in any case.

Follow-Up

All patients were followed-up on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21, and every week until complete healing of the ulcer was observed or according to the discretion of the treating ophthalmologist. At each follow-up, the size and depth of the infiltrate and the ulcer size of the corneal epithelial defect and the hypopyon were measured in all patients to assess clinical response. In cases responsive to treatment, the size of the scar was also measured in its greatest dimension and presence of vascularization, if any, was noted. Intraocular pressure was also assessed digitally in all patients in the follow-up.

The primary outcome measure was time taken till complete clinical resolution of infection and the secondary outcome measure was best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at six months. A healed case was defined as a case with complete clinical resolution of the epithelial defect, stromal infiltrate and hypopyon. Those patients who developed corneal perforation or did not show any sign of improvement after three intrastromal injections were considered as treatment failures and were started on oral antifungals (oral voriconazole, 200 mg twice a day) and were immediately subjected to PKP based on the availability of donor corneal tissue.

These treatment failures were excluded from the analysis of final visual acuity and scar (per-protocol analysis). The last observation carry forward (LOCF) method was used to analyze the visual outcome using intention to treat analysis (ITT).

Statistical Analysis

Randomization was carried out using a computer-generated random number table. Data were recorded on a predesigned sheet and managed on an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). The analysis was performed using the Stata 12.1 program. Normal quantitative data analysis was conducted using ANOVA and post hoc analysis was done using the Bonferroni test. For categorical data, Fisher’s exact test was used. Time to re-epithelialization and resolution of infiltrates was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier curve followed by the Cox proportional hazards model, and the results were presented as the median time to healing and hazard ratio. A p-value of <0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Results

A total of 60 patients were included in the study. All three groups were age and sex-matched and demonstrated comparable baseline characteristics (Table 1). The most commonly isolated causative organism was Aspergillus sp. (32/60, 53.33%), followed by Fusarium sp. (24/60, 40%), Alternaria sp. (2/60, 3.33%), Candida (1/60, 1.66%) and Curvularia sp. (1/60, 1.66%). There were no significant differences between the three groups (p=0.23) (Table 2).

Table 1

Baseline Demographic, Microbiological and Clinical Characteristics of All Three Groups

Drug	Age (Years) Mean±SD	Gender Distribution	History of Trauma	Duration of Signs and Symptoms (Mean±SD)	Organism Traced Fu/As/Ca/Al/Cu
ISVCZ (n=20)	43.82±12.3	12M, 8F	12	18.7±6.4days	8/10/0/1/1
ISAMB (n=20)	39.45 ±10.0	14M, 6F	13	20±5.5days	8/10/1/1/0
ISNTM (n=20)	40.42±10.9	14M, 6F	13	20.8±5.1days	8/12/0/0/0
p-value	0.41	0.82	0.8	0.51	0.23

Abbreviations: ISVCZ, intrastromal voriconazole; ISAMB, intrastromal amphotericin; ISNTM, intrastromal natamycin; Fu, Fusarium; AS, Aspergillus; Ca, Candida; Al, Alternaria; Cu, Curvularia.

Table 2

Baseline Features in All Three Groups

Drug	Epithelial Defect	Stromal Infiltrate	Presence of Hypopyon	Height of Hypopyon	Retro Corneal Plaque	Visual Acuity (LogMAR)
	Mean±SD	Mean±SD		Mean±SD		Mean±SD
ISVCZ (n=20)	3.0 ± 1.1	4.0± 1.1	14	1.15±0.49	9/20	2.2±0.3
ISAMB (n=20)	3.5±1.15	4.3±1.05	13	1.13±0.50	8/20	2.3±0.4
ISNTM (n=20)	3.0±1.02	4.1±1.1	13	1.30±0.73	8/20	2.2±0.4
p-value	0.75	0.49	0.8	0.85	0.9	0.70

Abbreviations: ISVCZ, intrastromal voriconazole; ISAMB, intrastromal amphotericin; ISNTM, intrastromal natamycin.

Primary Outcome

In the ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM groups, 19/20 (95%), 18/20 (90%) and19/20 (95%) patients showed complete resolution of infection, respectively (p=0.8) (Table 3). Of these, 12/20 (60%), 11/20 (55%) and 13/20 (65%) patients healed with first injection; 6/20 (30%), 5/20 (25%) and 5/20 (25%) healed with second injection and 1/20 (5%), 2/20 (10%) and 1/20 (5%) healed with third injection in the ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM groups, respectively. This implies that the maximum number of failures and patients needing repeat injections was seen in the ISAMB group (p=0.8). Four patients (6.66%) underwent PKP. Fifty percent of patients (1/2) belonging to the ISAMB group and subjected to PKP developed recurrence of graft infection with the same preoperative organism and required a second PKP for complete resolution of infection. Intrastromal injections were administered at the residual host rim while performing penetrating keratoplasty; patients were also advised on topical and systemic antifungals. The corneal button was sent for histo-pathological examination, which revealed the presence of the causative fungal agent.

Table 3

Comparison of Post-Treatment Parameters of All Three Groups

Drug	Success Rate		Failure	Overall Repeat Injections	Graft Infection	Duration Till Resolution			Final Scar Size (mm)	Complication
	Overall	With 1st/2nd/3rd Injection				Epithelial Defect	Stromal Infiltrates	Hypopyon		Deep Vessels	Cataract
ISVCZ (n=20)	19 (95%)	12/6/1	1 (5%)	8 (40%)	0/1	36.1±4.8days	35.3±4.3days	18.4±3.1days	2.7±0.5	5 (25%)	14 (70%)
ISAMB (n=20)	18 (90%)	11/5/2	2 (10%)	9 (45%)	1/2	39.2±7.2days	36.8±7.4days	22.3±3.4days	2.8±0.8	10 (50%)	15 (75%)
ISNTM (n=20)	19 (95%)	13/5/1	1 (5%)	7 (35%)	0/1	34±5.2days	35.3±6.4days	15±2.5days	2.6±0.7	6 (30%)	13 (65%)
p-value	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	—	0.02	0.41	0.009	0.75	0.02	0.2

Abbreviations: ISVCZ, intrastromal voriconazole; ISAMB, intrastromal amphotericin; ISNTM, intrastromal natamycin.

The average time taken for re-epithelization and for disappearance of hypopyon was significantly higher in the ISAMB group compared to the ISVCZ and ISNTM groups (Figure 2). The Kaplan–Meier curve revealed a significant difference between the three groups, p=0.02 and a hazard ratio of 1.44. (Figure 3). Mean time taken for complete resolution of stromal infiltrates and the mean scar size were comparable in all groups.

Figure 2

(A, C and E) Clinical photographs of recalcitrant fungal keratitis at day 0 in voriconazole, natamycin and amphotericin B groups, respectively. (B, D and F) Clinical photographs of cases (depicted in A, C and E) after healing in the voriconazole, natamycin and amphotericin B groups, respectively.

Figure 3

Kaplan–Meier analysis showing the duration of re-epithelialization.

Secondary Outcome

The mean BCVA at baseline was similar in all three groups (p=0.70). The mean BCVA at 6 months with per-protocol analysis was 1.1±0.1logMAR units in the ISVCZ group, 1.1±0.1logMAR units in the ISAMB group and 1.0±0.1logMAR units in the ISNTM group (p=0.59), implying a comparable final visual outcome in all groups. Using intention to treat analysis, the mean BCVA at 6 months was 1.2±0.3 logMAR units in the ISVCZ group, 1.3±0.4 in the ISAMB group and 1.2±0.3 in the ISNTM group, and was not statistically significant (p=0.54) (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 4

Post-Treatment (BCVA) Using ITT and Per-Protocol Analysis Method

Analysis Method	BCVA (logMAR)	ISVCZa	ISAMBb	ISNTMc	p-value
ITT analysis	Baseline	2.27±0.34	2.24 ±0.40	2.23±0.35	0.9
	Final follow-up	1.2±0.38	1.35±0.47	1.2±0.37	0.54
Per-protocal analysis	Baseline	2.27±0.34	2.24±0.40	2.23±0.35	0.9
	Final follow-up	1.1±0.1	1.1±0.1	1.0±0.1	0.59

Abbreviations: BCVA, Best corrected visual acuity; ITT, intention to treat; ISVCZa, intrastromal voriconazole; ISAMBb, intrastromal amphotericin B; ISNTMc, intrastromal natamycin.

Table 5

Comparison of BCVA for Central, Paracentral and Peripheral Ulcers (logMAR)

Ulcer Location	ISVCZ	ISAMB	ISNTM	P value
Central	n=2	n=2	n=2
Baseline	2.7±0.22	2.7±0.5	2.5±0.12	0.9
Final follow-up	2.15±0.12	2.7±0.14	2.08±0.13	0.1
Paracentral	n=13	n=14	n=14
Baseline	2.23±0.7	2.3±0.3	2.25±0.34	0.9
Final follow-up	1.28±0.6	1.3±0.5	1.27±0.7	0.7
Peripheral	n=5	n=4	n=4
Baseline	1.74±0.6	1.76± 0.3	1.85±0.4	0.7
Final follow-up	1±0.2	1.12±0.6	0.8±0.3	0.3

Abbreviations: ISVCZ, intrastromal voriconazole; ISAMB, intrastromal amphotericin B; ISNTM, intrastromal natamycin; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity.

Complications and Sequelae

None of the patients in our study had iatrogenic perforations, endophthalmitis, allergic reactions or glaucoma. No defects or damage to the epithelium, intrastromal deposits or worsening of conjunctival congestion were documented throughout the entire study. Deep vascularization was appreciated in 5/19 eyes (26%) in the ISVCZ group, 10/18 eyes (55%) in the ISAMB group and 6/19 eyes (31%) in the ISNTM group (p=0.02). Presence of cataract was noted in 14/19, 15/18 and 13/19 eyes in the ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM groups, respectively (p=0.4) at 6-month follow-up (Table 6).

Table 6

Clinical Details of Patients with Treatment Failure

Parameters	ISVCZ, n=1	ISAMB, n=2	ISNTM, n=1
Size of epithelial defect (mm)	6*6	5*5.5	5.5*5
		5*4
Hypopyon height (mm)	1	0.5	1
		1.5
BCVA Log MAR	2.7	Case1–2.7	2.3
		Case 2–2.7
Duration of symptoms (days)	30	Case1–15	14
		Case 2–14
Time to failure (days)	3	Case 1–7	3
		Case 2–3
Depth of ulcer	>75%	Case1–75%	3
		Case2 >75%

Abbreviations: ISVCZ, intrastromal voriconazole; ISAMB, intrastromal amphotericin B; ISNTM, intrastromal natamycin.

Discussion

The overall success rate of intrastromal antifungal agents in treating recalcitrant fungal keratitis in the present study was 93.33%. All drugs demonstrated comparable efficacy (p=0.8), with individual success rates of 95%, 90% and 95% with ISVCZ, ISAMB and ISNTM, respectively. The three agents were also comparable in final visual outcome, scar size and rate of healing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the efficacy and safety of three different antifungal agents employed for intrastromal injection.

The rate of healing with ISVCZ in our study (95%) corresponded with that of multiple previous studies reporting success rates of 66.6 to 100% with the same agent in recalcitrant fungal keratitis.4,5,17,18,19 However, this was in contrast to a recent study by Narayana et al, who demonstrated no added advantage of ISVCZ in the management of moderate to severe fungal corneal ulcers.20 We believe these conflicting results could be explained by the ethnic variability and regional differences in microbiological profile in both studies. While Narayan et al most commonly isolated Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. was traced most commonly in our study, a finding corresponding with prior studies undertaken in North India.21 We believe that assessing prior sensitivity of the organism to the treating drug may contribute to improving surgical results. Moreover, the conclusions in the study by Narayana et al are difficult to interpret as microbiological cure was considered the primary outcome measure in their study compared to clinical resolution in our study.

The healing rate of 90% with ISAMB in the present study is also comparable to that of Nada et al's study (83%).7 However, the need for administering repeat injections was higher in this group. This could be due to delayed healing, as depicted by slow resolution of epithelial defect, stromal infiltrates and hypopyon, all of which could have ultimately resulted in exaggerated inflammation and therefore larger final scar size, and significantly higher propensity to develop deep vascularization with ISAMB. Although previous studies have reported toxicity of AMB to endothelial cells, ours is the first study reporting increased incidence of corneal vascularization with its intrastromal delivery.22 While deep vascularization makes the cornea a high risk bed for corneal grafting in the future, the actual effect of these agents on graft survival needs to be ascertained with larger and longer studies. Till further studies validate or refute our results, we recommend some caution before advocating ISAMB in eyes planned for keratoplasty in the future.

To date, only Mimouni et al have commented on the effect of ISNTM in recalcitrant fungal keratitis cases, and in an animal model.8 While their experimental study showed little beneficial effect of additive ISNTM 5% over topical therapy alone in the treatment of Fusarium keratitis, we experienced a 95% cure rate with ISNTM. This could result from the varied composition of NTM utilized in our study. Mimouni et al directly injected topical NTM 5% drops, while we specifically injected a unique cyclodextrin-combined-NTM formulated aseptically in our pharmacology department, which could have enhanced drug penetration at targeted sites, thereby improving treatment results. A similar phenomenon may have been experienced by O'Day 30 years ago, when identifying poor intracorneal and aqueous levels of NTM (5% microfine suspension) in rabbit eyes after its intrastromal injection.10 This unique composition may also be the reason that we did not encounter any precipitate formation with the drug, a complication commonly witnessed with the emulsion form of topical NTM.8 Not only the novel composition but also the variable in vivo responsiveness of Aspergillus and Fusarium to ISNTM in human eyes could have contributed to higher cure rates with ISAMB. Collectively, these factors could have contributed to the lower number of repeat injections and a significantly earlier resolution of epithelial defect as well as the hypopyon in the ISNTM group, all suggestive of lessened inflammation as indicated by a smaller scar size in the same group. However, further studies are required to validate these findings, as studies evaluating the utility of ISNTM in recalcitrant fungal keratitis in human eyes are presently minimal. Nevertheless, considering the paucity of antifungal agents, encouraging results with a novel composition of an already existing drug may open up a new arena for management of complex recalcitrant fungal keratitis cases.

A large number of studies have also reported on the potential use of intrastromal injections for fungal keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty and kerato-refractive procedures.23–25 However, as this study was the first of its kind, we limited the study to eyes with fungal keratitis not subjected to prior corneal surgeries. Moreover, it would not have produced reliable results due to a fewer number of patients. Based on the success of the intrastromal agents in the present study and a literature review, we believe that intrastromal injections might be helpful in post-PKP eyes also. However, further studies are needed in this area.

Intracameral injections of antifungal drugs along with intrastromal injections have been found to be effective in the early resolution of endothelial plaque, but in our study, as natamycin was being given for the first time, intracameral injections were avoided. Also, to maintain uniformity in the management of reliable results, only intrastromal injections were administered in all patients.26 Although in the previous study by Lalitha et al the presence of hypopyon was found to be a significant risk factor for treatment failure, none of our patients who experienced treatment failure had hypopyon.27

Early deep lamellar keratoplasty has also been found to be effective in patients with fungal keratitis who are non-responsive to medical therapy.28

The major limitations of this study include its relatively small sample size, the lack of a standard, clearly defined dose and pharmacokinetics of ISNTM, as well as its added cost. Lack of control groups (receiving only topical NTM 5%) in our study could be attributed to our ethical limitation of allowing recalcitrant fungal keratitis to take its own fate from lack of added interventions.

To conclude, intrastromal antifungal agents can be a safe and useful adjunct to standard therapy for management of recalcitrant fungal keratitis, specifically caused by the filamentary fungi. However, regional differences in microbiological profile have to be considered before prescribing them. Based on our study results, ISVCZ seems to be the best first-line anti-stromal agent. However, novel composition of NTM holds promising results and its applicability for treating recalcitrant fungal keratitis can be explored in the future. However, larger long-term, randomized comparative trlals are awaited to determine the most efficacious and safest intrastromal agent.