Importance: Beginning in March 2020, case reports and case series linked the COVID-19 pandemic with an increased occurrence of chilblains, but this association has not been evaluated in an epidemiologic study. Objective: To assess whether a correlation exists between COVID-19 incidence and chilblains incidence. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California system from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020; health plan members of all ages were included. Exposure: COVID-19 incidence in 207 location-months, representing 23 geographic locations in northern California across 9 months. Main Outcome and Measures: Chilblains incidence was the main outcome. The association of chilblains incidence with COVID-19 incidence across the 207 location-months was measured using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: Of 780 patients with chilblains reported during the pandemic, 464 were female (59.5%); mean (SD) age was 36.8 (21.8) years. COVID-19 incidence was correlated with chilblains incidence at 207 location-months (Spearman coefficient 0.18; P = .01). However, only 17 of 456 (3.7%) patients with chilblains tested during the pandemic were positive for SARS-CoV-2, and only 9 of 456 (2.0%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 within 6 weeks of the chilblains diagnosis. Test results of 1 of 97 (1.0%) patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Latinx patients were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 but not by chilblains. Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study found that in northern California, the incidence of chilblains increased during the pandemic but was correlated weakly with the incidence of COVID-19 across 207 location-months. These findings may have resulted from a causal role of COVID-19, increased care-seeking by patients with chilblains during the pandemic, or changes in behavior during shelter in place.
Importance: Beginning in March 2020, case reports and case series linked the COVID-19 pandemic with an increased occurrence of chilblains, but this association has not been evaluated in an epidemiologic study. Objective: To assess whether a correlation exists between COVID-19 incidence and chilblains incidence. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California system from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020; health plan members of all ages were included. Exposure: COVID-19 incidence in 207 location-months, representing 23 geographic locations in northern California across 9 months. Main Outcome and Measures: Chilblains incidence was the main outcome. The association of chilblains incidence with COVID-19 incidence across the 207 location-months was measured using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: Of 780 patients with chilblains reported during the pandemic, 464 were female (59.5%); mean (SD) age was 36.8 (21.8) years. COVID-19 incidence was correlated with chilblains incidence at 207 location-months (Spearman coefficient 0.18; P = .01). However, only 17 of 456 (3.7%) patients with chilblains tested during the pandemic were positive for SARS-CoV-2, and only 9 of 456 (2.0%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 within 6 weeks of the chilblains diagnosis. Test results of 1 of 97 (1.0%) patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Latinx patients were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 but not by chilblains. Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study found that in northern California, the incidence of chilblains increased during the pandemic but was correlated weakly with the incidence of COVID-19 across 207 location-months. These findings may have resulted from a causal role of COVID-19, increased care-seeking by patients with chilblains during the pandemic, or changes in behavior during shelter in place.
Authors: Marta Bascuas-Arribas; David Andina-Martinez; Juan Añon-Hidalgo; Jose Antonio Alonso-Cadenas; Angela Hernandez-Martin; Nuria Lamagrande-Casanova; Lucero Noguero-Morel; Ana Mateos-Mayo; Isabel Colmenero-Blanco; Antonio Torrelo Journal: Pediatr Dermatol Date: 2022-02-07 Impact factor: 1.997
Authors: Jeff R Gehlhausen; Alicia J Little; Christine J Ko; Marc Emmenegger; Carolina Lucas; Patrick Wong; Jon Klein; Peiwen Lu; Tianyang Mao; Jillian Jaycox; Eric Wang; Nelson Ugwu; Cate Muenker; Dilgash Mekael; Rhonda Q Klein; Robert Patrignelli; Richard Antaya; Jennifer McNiff; William Damsky; Kathy Kamath; John Shon; Aaron M Ring; Inci Yildirim; Saad Omer; Albert I Ko; Adriano Aguzzi; Akiko Iwasaki Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2022-03-01 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Carmelo Carmona-Rivera; Yu Zhang; Kerry Dobbs; Tovah E Markowitz; Clifton L Dalgard; Andrew J Oler; Dillon R Claybaugh; Deborah Draper; Meng Truong; Ottavia M Delmonte; Francesco Licciardi; Ugo Ramenghi; Nicoletta Crescenzio; Luisa Imberti; Alessandra Sottini; Virginia Quaresima; Chiara Fiorini; Valentina Discepolo; Andrea Lo Vecchio; Alfredo Guarino; Luca Pierri; Andrea Catzola; Andrea Biondi; Paolo Bonfanti; Maria Cecilia Poli Harlowe; Yasmin Espinosa; Camila Astudillo; Emma Rey-Jurado; Cecilia Vial; Javiera de la Cruz; Ricardo Gonzalez; Cecilia Pinera; Jacqueline W Mays; Ashley Ng; Andrew Platt; Beth Drolet; John Moon; Edward W Cowen; Heather Kenney; Sarah E Weber; Riccardo Castagnoli; Mary Magliocco; Michael A Stack; Gina Montealegre; Karyl Barron; Stephen M Hewitt; Lisa M Arkin; Daniel S Chertow; Helen C Su; Luigi D Notarangelo; Mariana J Kaplan Journal: medRxiv Date: 2022-03-03
Authors: Carmelo Carmona-Rivera; Yu Zhang; Kerry Dobbs; Tovah E Markowitz; Clifton L Dalgard; Andrew J Oler; Dillon R Claybaugh; Deborah Draper; Meng Truong; Ottavia M Delmonte; Francesco Licciardi; Ugo Ramenghi; Nicoletta Crescenzio; Luisa Imberti; Alessandra Sottini; Virginia Quaresima; Chiara Fiorini; Valentina Discepolo; Andrea Lo Vecchio; Alfredo Guarino; Luca Pierri; Andrea Catzola; Andrea Biondi; Paolo Bonfanti; Maria C Poli Harlowe; Yasmin Espinosa; Camila Astudillo; Emma Rey-Jurado; Cecilia Vial; Javiera de la Cruz; Ricardo Gonzalez; Cecilia Pinera; Jacqueline W Mays; Ashley Ng; Andrew Platt; Beth Drolet; John Moon; Edward W Cowen; Heather Kenney; Sarah E Weber; Riccardo Castagnoli; Mary Magliocco; Michael A Stack; Gina Montealegre; Karyl Barron; Danielle L Fink; Douglas B Kuhns; Stephen M Hewitt; Lisa M Arkin; Daniel S Chertow; Helen C Su; Luigi D Notarangelo; Mariana J Kaplan Journal: JCI Insight Date: 2022-08-22