Correction to: Families in the COVID‑19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in Germany.

Correction to: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0

Due to a syntax error, the PHQ4-scores for parent mental health need to be corrected as follows: For the total PHQ scores, the sample mean is M = 2.52 (SD = 2.63), for anxiety M = 1.14 (SD = 1.42) and for depression M = 1.38 (SD = 1.43). Accordingly, n = 134 (13.1%) of the sample scored above the 95th percentile for the total score, n = 149 (14.6%) for anxiety and 178 (17.4%) for depression.

These scores are higher than reported in the original manuscript. The conclusions of the paper do not change, as these are still lower than reported in other studies.

The comparison with German reference scores is depicted in Fig. 2. The effect sizes of the comparison remain small (depression d = 0.31; anxiety, d = 0.23; total score d = 0.29).

Fig. 2

Comparison of PHQ-4 scores for depression, anxiety, and total score in our sample and in German normative data [21]. All between group differences were significant at p < 0.001

Furthermore, the correlations show minor changes (Table 3). Please find a revised Table 3 below.

Table 3

Correlation between the pandemic-related burden and parental outcomes

		2	3	4	5	6
1	Pandemic-related parental burden	0.352	0.434	− 0.279	0.340	0.329
2	Parental stressa		0.423	− 0.336	0.406	0.441
3	General stress			− 0.461	0.583	0.571
4	Subjective health				− 0.444	− 0.433
5	Anxiety					0.707
6	Depression					–

aParental stress at time of the highest burden; for the subjective health rating, higher scores indicate better health, for the other outcomes, higher scores indicate higher burden, stress and symptoms. All correlations are significant with p < 0.001

Comparisons of the subgroups with an increase in ACES vs. decrease/no change do not change on the main result; effect sizes of the comparisons slightly increase. Please find the revised Figs. 4c and 5c below:

Fig. 4

Comparison of outcome measures in cases where frequency of witnessing domestic violence increased vs. decreased/did not change during the pandemic for a pandemic-related stress and parental stress, b general stress and subjective health, and c anxiety and depression. Cohen’s d for effect size (d = 0.20: small, d = 0.50: medium, d = 0.80 large); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Fig. 5

Comparison of outcome measures in cases where frequency of verbal emotional abuse increased vs. decreased/did not change during the pandemic for a pandemic-related stress and parental stress, b general stress and subjective health, and c anxiety and depression. Cohen’s d for effect size (d = 0.20: small, d = 0.50: medium, d = 0.80: large); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Supplementary Materials

For the supplementary materials, the revised tables are as follows:

Supplementary Material 4

Table S3

Bivariate correlations between the specific areas of pandemic-related stress and the outcomes on parent level

	Overall burden	Childcare closures	School closures	Home-work online	Work-place closures	Working from home	Maintain daily structure	Social distancing	Restrict. outside activ	Worries own health	Worries others’ health	Restrict. medical treatment	Restrict. psychoth. treatment	Restrict. child services
PS	0.229***	0.235***	0.284***	0.338***	0.138*	0.251***	0.314***	0.104**	0.153***	0.162***	0.090**	0.177***	0.289***	0.393***
GS	0.300***	0.089*	0.290***	0.317***	0.261***	0.292***	0.362***	0.247***	232***	0.323***	0.299***	0.297***	0.339***	0.298***
SH	-0.137***	0.002	-0.150***	-0.191***	-0.102	-0.199***	-0.153***	-0.077*	-0.097**	-0.293***	-0.201***	-0.236***	-0.273***	-0.265***
ANX	0.266***	0.077	0.227***	0.221***	0.259***	0.215***	0.240***	0.193***	0.172***	0.311***	0.288***	0.256**	0.371***	0.323***
DEPR	0.283***	0.119**	0.208***	0.244***	0.175*	0.228**	0.303***	0.222***	0.226***	0.236***	0.238***	0.228***	0.317***	0.236***

Notes. PS = Parental stress; GS = general stress; SH = subjective health rating; ANX = anxiety; DEPR = Depression; for the subjective health rating, higher scores indicate better health, for the other outcomes, higher scores indicate higher burden, stress and symptoms; all parental outcomes with respect to the time of the subjectively highest burden; *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.

Table S4

Group differences in change of ACEs on parent outcomes

	Increase	Pandemic-related stress		Parental stress		General stress		Subjective health		Anxiety		Depression
		M (SD)	d	M (SD)	d	M (SD)	d	M (SD)	d	M (SD)	d	M (SD)	d
WDV	no (n = 236)	31.98 (9.12)	0.46***	37.64 (9.35)	0.72***	6.33 (4.29)	0.66***	6.59 (2.13)	0.50***	1.38 (1.45)	0.53***	1.61 (1.47)	0.55***
	yes (n = 97)	36.41 (10.65)		44.51 (10.03)		9.03 (3.62)		5.53 (2.14)		2.19 (1.74)		2.44 (1.57)
VEA	no (n = 192)	31.16 (9.79)	0.45***	37.22 (9.03)	0.88***	5.46 (3.91)	0.54***	6.76 (2.03)	0.35**	1.24 (1.45)	0.36**	1.40 (1.42)	0.55***
	yes (n = 140)	35.69 (10.48)		45.22 (9.12)		7.66 (4.23)		5.99 (2.43)		1.79 (1.68)		2.22 (1.61)
NEA	no (n = 37)	34.30 (12.99)	0.32	35.05 (9.25)	0.88***	6.93 (4.78)	0.31	6.13 (2.24)	0.16	1.48 (1.52)	0.32	1.80 (1.29)	0.29
	yes (n = 45)	37.91 (9.45)		45.17 (11.12)		8.26 (3.98)		5.74 (2.53)		1.98 (1.60)		2.21 (1.51)
EN	no (n = 94)	35.81 (9.90)	0.30	39.00 (11.60)	0.35*	6.35 (4.51)	0.24	6.43 (2.22)	0.16	1.57 (1.65)	0.12	1.66 (1.56)	0.27
	yes (n = 65)	39.14 (12.47)		43.26 (12.88)		7.46 (4.93)		6.04 (2.70)		1.77 (1.87)		2.10 (1.74)
PA	no (n = 40)	30.87 (8.19)	0.63*	44.49 (10.05)	1.04***	7.47 (3.67)	0.46	5.67 (2.22)	0.34	1.53 (1.34)	0.80*	2.11 (1.34)	0.68*
	yes(n = 17)	37.00 (12.68)		54.21 (7.44)		9.42 (5.41)		4.89 (2.40)		2.63 (1.46)		3.05 (1.47)
SN	no (n = 57)	34.79 (9.27)	0.45*	41.08 (11.23)	0.09	7.35 (4.39)	0.30	6.35 (2.58)	0.36	1.44 (1.43)	0.40*	1.91 (1.44)	0.23
	yes (n = 39)	39.14 (10.13)		42.00 (9.08)		8.81 (5.39)		5.45 (2.30)		2.09 (1.87)		2.27 (1.76)
MI	no (n = 101)	31.91 (8.95)	0.81***	38.52 (9.64)	1.04***	7.79 (3.96)	0.65***	5.79 (2.21)	0.61**	1.71 (1.53)	0.96***	2.03 (1.36)	0.87***
	yes (n = 41)	39.78 (11.33)		47.67 (10.06)		10.35 (3.82)		4.37 (2.57)		3.23 (1.69)		3.30 (1.71)
AS	no ( n = 31)	37.23 (10.88)	0.59	43.12 (10.56)	0.89*	8.15 (4.35)	0.45	6.32 (2.36)	0.64	1.97 (1.88)	0.66	2.29 (1.85)	0.16
	yes (n = 6)	31.00 (7.96)		52.86 (13.33)		10.00 (2.45)		4.86 (1.68)		3.14 (0.90)		2.57 (1.13)
SEV	no (n = 43)	35.49 (10.60)	0.44	42.58 (11.48)	0.64*	8.38 (4.07)	0.11	6.18 (2.10)	0.48	1.89 (1.75)	0.44	2.04 (1.62)	0.31
	yes n = (23)	40. 35 (11.85)		49.54 (9.80)		8.85 (4.99)		5.08 (2.67)		2.65 (1.72)		2.54 (1.61)

Notes. WDV = witnessing domestic violence, VEA = verbal emotional abuse, NEA = nonverbal emotional abuse, EN = emotional neglect, PA = physical abuse, SN = supervisory neglect, MI = mental illness in the household, AS = alcohol or substance abuse in the household; SEV = severe forms of ACEs like maltreatment, neglect, violence; d = Cohen’s d for effect size (d = 0.2 small, d = 0.5 medium, d = 0.08 large); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p = 0.001.