Shikang Zhao1, Xin Jin1, Song Xu1. 1. Department of Lung Cancer Surgery; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer still has the highest incidence rate and mortality rate nowadays. In recent years, with the emergence of new drugs and the optimization of treatment mode, especially the clinical application of immunotherapy, the prognosis of lung cancer patients has been improved. However, the benefits of immunotherapy are still limited. Therefore, it is necessary to find new biomarkers to predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients and explore its impact on the immune microenvironment. METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to analyze the gene sequencing and clinical data of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The distribution of RASGRP2 in lung adenocarcinoma was determined by using the human protein mapping database. The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to explore the relationship between the expression of RASGRP2 and the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. KEGG and GO gene enrichment analysis was performed in patients with high and low expression of RASGRP2. TCGA database was used to analyze the co-expression genes of RASGRP2 and TIMER database was used to calculate the immune related lymphoid infiltration of RASGRP2 and its coexpression genes. The relationship between RASGRP2 expression and immune checkpoint expression was analyzed by using TIMER 2.0 database. RESULTS: We found that RASGRP2 was low expressed in lung adenocarcinoma, and its expression level was related to the prognosis of patients. The high expression of RASGRP2 was involved in the process of hematopoietic cell formation and cell adhesion, and RASGRP2 played an important role in the process of T cell activation. Through TCGA database analysis, ZAP70, TBC1D10C, RASAL3, FGD2, CD37 and ACAP1 were significantly correlated with RASGRP2. The high expression of these genes leaded to the increase of the proportion of CD8+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells, and the decrease of the proportion of neutrophils and Treg cells. Finally, we found that the expression of RASGRP2 was significantly correlated with the expression of CD274, CTLA4, LAG3 and TIGIT. CONCLUSIONS: RASGRP2 was abnormally expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and correlated with the infiltration level of immune related cells, which might influence the efficacy of immunotherapy.
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer still has the highest incidence rate and mortality rate nowadays. In recent years, with the emergence of new drugs and the optimization of treatment mode, especially the clinical application of immunotherapy, the prognosis of lung cancer patients has been improved. However, the benefits of immunotherapy are still limited. Therefore, it is necessary to find new biomarkers to predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients and explore its impact on the immune microenvironment. METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to analyze the gene sequencing and clinical data of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The distribution of RASGRP2 in lung adenocarcinoma was determined by using the human protein mapping database. The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to explore the relationship between the expression of RASGRP2 and the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. KEGG and GO gene enrichment analysis was performed in patients with high and low expression of RASGRP2. TCGA database was used to analyze the co-expression genes of RASGRP2 and TIMER database was used to calculate the immune related lymphoid infiltration of RASGRP2 and its coexpression genes. The relationship between RASGRP2 expression and immune checkpoint expression was analyzed by using TIMER 2.0 database. RESULTS: We found that RASGRP2 was low expressed in lung adenocarcinoma, and its expression level was related to the prognosis of patients. The high expression of RASGRP2 was involved in the process of hematopoietic cell formation and cell adhesion, and RASGRP2 played an important role in the process of T cell activation. Through TCGA database analysis, ZAP70, TBC1D10C, RASAL3, FGD2, CD37 and ACAP1 were significantly correlated with RASGRP2. The high expression of these genes leaded to the increase of the proportion of CD8+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells, and the decrease of the proportion of neutrophils and Treg cells. Finally, we found that the expression of RASGRP2 was significantly correlated with the expression of CD274, CTLA4, LAG3 and TIGIT. CONCLUSIONS: RASGRP2 was abnormally expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and correlated with the infiltration level of immune related cells, which might influence the efficacy of immunotherapy.
The expression level and prognostic value of RASGRP2 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A: Increased or decreased expression of RASGRP2 in cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue in TIMER database; B: RASGRP2 protein expression in normal tissue and tumor tissue of patients with lung adenocarcinoma; C: The relationship between RASGRP2 expression and prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
RASGRP2在肺腺癌中表达与预后情况。A:TIMER数据库预测RASGRP2在肺腺癌组织表达情况;B:RASGRP2在肺腺癌及癌旁组织中蛋白表达情况;C:RASGRP2表达与肺腺癌患者预后的关系。The expression level and prognostic value of RASGRP2 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A: Increased or decreased expression of RASGRP2 in cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue in TIMER database; B: RASGRP2 protein expression in normal tissue and tumor tissue of patients with lung adenocarcinoma; C: The relationship between RASGRP2 expression and prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
Co-expressed genes of RASGRP2 in lung adenocarcinoma. The genes co-expressed with RASGRP2 in lung adenocarcinoma were assessed in TCGA (A) and TIMER (B) database.
RASGRP2共表达基因分析。使用TCGA(A)及TIMER(B)数据库分析与RASGRP2共表达的基因。Co-expressed genes of RASGRP2 in lung adenocarcinoma. The genes co-expressed with RASGRP2 in lung adenocarcinoma were assessed in TCGA (A) and TIMER (B) database.
Changes of immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with different expression of RASGRP2 (G1: high expression of RASGRP2, G2: low expression of RASGRP2). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. NK: natural killer.
图 5
RASGRP2共表达基因对免疫浸润细胞变化水平影响
Relationship between RASGRP2 co-expressed genes and tumor-infiltrating immune cells
RASGRP2不同表达的肺腺癌患者免疫微环境改变(G1:高表达,G2:低表达)Changes of immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with different expression of RASGRP2 (G1: high expression of RASGRP2, G2: low expression of RASGRP2). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. NK: natural killer.RASGRP2共表达基因对免疫浸润细胞变化水平影响Relationship between RASGRP2 co-expressed genes and tumor-infiltrating immune cells