Zhenyin Chen1,2, Min Wang3, Sanhui Gao3, Hua Guo2, Guizhen Wang2, Guangbiao Zhou2. 1. Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China. 2. State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China. 3. State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Acadamy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have shown remarkable efficacies in many subtypes of cancers. However, ICIs may also cause severe immune-related adverse events in the recipient patients. Recently, ICI-associated myocarditis have been reported in hundreds of patients worldwide, with a mortality rate of approximately 50% in these cases. This study aims to recapitulate the cardiotoxicity and explore the detoxicifying approaches to attenuate mortality caused by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in healthy mice. METHODS: Six to eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with anti-PD-1 antibody (12.5 μg/g every 5 days for 6 injections), anti-PD-L1 antibody (10 μg/g once a week for 6 weeks), anti-PD-L1 antibody (with the same dosage described above) in combination with levothyroxine (0.25 μg/g, intraperitoneally injected half an hour before anti-PD-L1 antibody injection), or isotype control immunoglobulin IgG (10 μg/g once a week for 6 weeks). The ejection function of the hearts was detected by echocardiography, body temperature and blood pressure were detected by Mouse MonitorTM and non-invassive blood pressure minotor, and serum free thyroxine concentration was detected by The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: PD-L1 was expressed at different levels by the cardiomyocytes of the mice. The isotype control immunoglobulin and anti-PD-1 antibody did not cause death of the mice. The 12 mice receiving 3-6 injections of anti-PD-L1 antibody showed a significant increase in the heart-to-tibial ratio and cardiomyoctye degeneration, hyalinization and extravascular inflammatory cell infiltration. In addition, the serum thyroxine was mardedly decreased to 1/3 of that in the control group mice, and the blood pressure and body temperature were abnormally decreased in mice upon treatment with PD-L1 blockade. Eight of the 12 (66.7%) mice died from multiple intravenous injection of anti-PD-L1 antibody.Intraperitoneal injection of levothyroxine 30 min before the injection of anti-PD-L1 antibody significantly attenuated the mortality rate of the anti-PD-L1 antibody-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-PD-L1 antibody is cardiotoxic and lethal, and levothyroxine is able to rescue the mice from this immune checkpoint inhibitor-caused mortality.
BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have shown remarkable efficacies in many subtypes of cancers. However, ICIs may also cause severe immune-related adverse events in the recipient patients. Recently, ICI-associated myocarditis have been reported in hundreds of patients worldwide, with a mortality rate of approximately 50% in these cases. This study aims to recapitulate the cardiotoxicity and explore the detoxicifying approaches to attenuate mortality caused by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in healthy mice. METHODS: Six to eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with anti-PD-1 antibody (12.5 μg/g every 5 days for 6 injections), anti-PD-L1 antibody (10 μg/g once a week for 6 weeks), anti-PD-L1 antibody (with the same dosage described above) in combination with levothyroxine (0.25 μg/g, intraperitoneally injected half an hour before anti-PD-L1 antibody injection), or isotype control immunoglobulin IgG (10 μg/g once a week for 6 weeks). The ejection function of the hearts was detected by echocardiography, body temperature and blood pressure were detected by Mouse MonitorTM and non-invassive blood pressure minotor, and serum free thyroxine concentration was detected by The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: PD-L1 was expressed at different levels by the cardiomyocytes of the mice. The isotype control immunoglobulin and anti-PD-1 antibody did not cause death of the mice. The 12 mice receiving 3-6 injections of anti-PD-L1 antibody showed a significant increase in the heart-to-tibial ratio and cardiomyoctye degeneration, hyalinization and extravascular inflammatory cell infiltration. In addition, the serum thyroxine was mardedly decreased to 1/3 of that in the control group mice, and the blood pressure and body temperature were abnormally decreased in mice upon treatment with PD-L1 blockade. Eight of the 12 (66.7%) mice died from multiple intravenous injection of anti-PD-L1 antibody.Intraperitoneal injection of levothyroxine 30 min before the injection of anti-PD-L1 antibody significantly attenuated the mortality rate of the anti-PD-L1 antibody-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-PD-L1 antibody is cardiotoxic and lethal, and levothyroxine is able to rescue the mice from this immune checkpoint inhibitor-caused mortality.
Entities:
Keywords:
Cardiotoxicity; Programmed cell death ligand 1; Thyroid
免疫检查点是调控T细胞活性的负调节因子。通过免疫检查点抑制剂增强T细胞功能的肿瘤免疫治疗在罹患不同类型肿瘤的患者中都起到了显著的治疗效果。其中,以程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1, PD-1)和程序性细胞死亡受体配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)为靶点的抗体在抗肿瘤治疗中的疗效较为显著[。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂主要通过阻断肿瘤细胞与T细胞的结合,从而帮助T细胞有效识别肿瘤细胞并对其进行清除。研究[表明,应用PD-L1单抗Pembrolizumab在难治性原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤成人和儿童患者的有效率高达81%。虽然免疫检查点抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中表现出了显著的疗效,但其在增强机体免疫功能的同时,也可能会引起免疫相关的不良反应(immune-related adverse events, irAEs)[。例如第一个被发现的免疫检查点细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CTLA-4),其抑制剂Ipilimumab于2011年被美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准用于黑色素瘤的治疗[;但CTLA-4的阻断在激活次级淋巴器官中的T细胞时,会导致irAEs的发生。常见的不良反应如皮疹,发生率在43%-45%;消化系统不良反应如结肠炎、腹泻、肝炎;内分泌不良反应如下垂体炎、甲状腺功能减退等,也有着较高的发生率;而其他irAEs如肺炎、肾炎、神经系统和胰腺的不良反应发生率则相对较低[。与之类似,PD-L1抑制剂在阻断PD-1/PD-L1的作用时,主要通过重新激活效应T细胞并促进其产生相应的细胞因子,发挥其抗肿瘤效应[,因而对正常的免疫系统也有可能产生局部和区域性的负面影响。随着抗PD-1/抗PD-L1抗体在临床上的抗肿瘤应用越来越广泛,其导致的不良反应也有更多报道。Moslehi等[分析了世界卫生组织Vigibase数据库,报道了101例患者在应用免疫检查点抑制剂后发生严重心肌炎,且其中46例(46%)患者因之死亡。Al-Kindi等[利用FDA药品不良反应报告系统的数据,发现250例患者在应用免疫检查点抑制剂后发生心肌炎,且其中124例(50%)患者因之死亡。和其他抗肿瘤药物相比,免疫检查点抑制剂引起心肌炎的比例明显更高,且一些患者仅使用1剂-2剂的免疫检查点抑制剂即可发生致命性心肌炎[。因此,在动物水平研究免疫检查点的心脏毒性及减轻毒性的方法,具有重要的实际意义。免疫检查点抑制剂已被广泛用于肺癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、肾癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症患者的治疗[。抗PD-1、抗PD-L1抗体的治疗效果往往与PD-L1表达水平等有关,而其诱发的不良反应在上述所有类型的癌症患者中均有报道[。因此,在正常小鼠体内研究抗PD-L1抗体的毒副作用,可能更具代表性。本文以C57BL/6小鼠为动物模型,初步探索了多次尾静脉注射抗PD-1/抗PD-L1抗体后对小鼠心脏功能所能产生的不良反应及救治方法。
材料与方法
抗体与药品
抗PD1抗体购自Bio X Cell(BE0090, USA),在4 ℃冰箱避光保存,使用时用PBS稀释至2.5 μg/μL。抗PD-L1抗体购自Bio X Cell(BE0101, USA),在4 ℃冰箱避光保存,使用时用PBS稀释至2 μg/μL。同型对照IgG购自Bio X Cell(BE0273, USA),在4 ℃冰箱避光保存,使用时用PBS稀释至2 μg/μL。L-甲状腺素(Levothyroxine)购自Solarbio(T9621,北京),在4 ℃冰箱避光保存,使用时用1 mol/L NaOH溶液稀释至50 μg/mL。
Effect of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies on the survival of mice
Drugs
Dosage
Number of mice
Mice died from treatment
Mortality rate
PD-1: programmed cell death 1.
Pre-experiments
Anti-PD-1 antibody
12.5 μg/g, once every 5 days for 30 days
12
0
0.0%
Anti-PD-L1 antibody
5 μg/g, once a week for 6 weeks
7
5
71.4%
Anti-PD-L1 antibody
10 μg/g, once a week for 6 weeks
6
4
66.7%
Anti-PD-L1 antibody
15 μg/g, once a week for 6 weeks
5
4
80.0%
Formal experiments
Isotype IgG-control
10 μg/g, once a week for 6 weeks
12
0
0.0%
Anti-PD-L1 antibody
10 μg/g, once a week for 6 weeks
12
8
66.7%
Anti-PD-L1 antibody+levothyroxine (T4)
Anti-PD-L1 antibody at 10 μg/g, once a week for 6 weeks; Levothyroxine, 0.25 μg/g, intraperitoneally injected 0.5 h before anti-PD-L1 antibody injection
10
0
0.0%
抗PD1、抗PD-L1抗体对小鼠生存的影响Effect of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies on the survival of mice
PD-L1 is highly expressed in heart tissues of healthy mice. A: PD-L1 expression levels in mouse heart tissues were detected by Western blot. Numbers under Western blot bands are the relative expression values to GAPDH determined by densitometry analysis; B: PD-L1 expression in mouse myocardial tissues was detected by immunohistochemical fluorescence. PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1.
PD-L1在健康小鼠的心脏组织中高表达。A:Western blot检测小鼠心脏组织中的PD-L1表达水平。PD-L1条带下的数字为光密度扫描并以GAPDH为参照的PD-L1相对定量值;B:用免疫组织荧光检测小鼠心肌组织中PD-L1表达情况。PD-L1 is highly expressed in heart tissues of healthy mice. A: PD-L1 expression levels in mouse heart tissues were detected by Western blot. Numbers under Western blot bands are the relative expression values to GAPDH determined by densitometry analysis; B: PD-L1 expression in mouse myocardial tissues was detected by immunohistochemical fluorescence. PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1.
Multiple doses of anti-PD-L1 antibody causes mortality and non-suppurative myocarditis in recipient mice. A: The effect of anti-PD-L1 antibody on the overall survival of the mice; B, C: The heart weight/body weight ratio (B) and heart weight/tibial length ratio (C) of mice in the anti-PD-L1 antibody treated group were higher than those in the control group; D: Mice treated with anti-PD-L1 showed significant changes in cardiomyocyte morphology.
多次尾静脉注射抗PD-L1抗体导致小鼠生存期缩短和心肌非化脓性炎症。A:注射抗PD-L1抗体对小鼠生存时间的影响;B、C:抗PD-L1抗体治疗组小鼠的心重/体重比(B)和心重/胫骨长(C)比均高于对照组;D:小鼠接受抗PD-L1治疗后心肌细胞形态发生明显变化。Multiple doses of anti-PD-L1 antibody causes mortality and non-suppurative myocarditis in recipient mice. A: The effect of anti-PD-L1 antibody on the overall survival of the mice; B, C: The heart weight/body weight ratio (B) and heart weight/tibial length ratio (C) of mice in the anti-PD-L1 antibody treated group were higher than those in the control group; D: Mice treated with anti-PD-L1 showed significant changes in cardiomyocyte morphology.
Multiple injections of anti-PD-L1 antibody results in decreased cardiac ejection in mice. A: Echocardiograms of the mice 0, 5 and 10 min after injection of anti-PD-L1 antibody; B: Ejection fraction, fractional shortening and left ventricular end-diastolic volume of the mice; C: Heart rate of the mice; D: Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure of the mice.
多次尾静脉注射抗PD-L1抗体导致小鼠心脏射血功能下降。A:小鼠在注射抗PD-L1单抗0 min、5 min、10 min后的超声心动图;B:注射抗PD-L1单抗的小鼠射血分数、分数缩短率和左室舒张末期容积显著降低;C:心率变化;D:小鼠血压变化Multiple injections of anti-PD-L1 antibody results in decreased cardiac ejection in mice. A: Echocardiograms of the mice 0, 5 and 10 min after injection of anti-PD-L1 antibody; B: Ejection fraction, fractional shortening and left ventricular end-diastolic volume of the mice; C: Heart rate of the mice; D: Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure of the mice.
Multiple injections of anti-PD-L1 antibody causes a decrease in body temperature and free T4 levels in mice. A: Body temperature of mice injected with anti-PD-L1 antibody; B: Serum free T4 levels of mice injected with anti-PD-L1 antiboy. T4: tetraiodothyronine.
多次尾静脉注射抗PD-L1抗体引起小鼠体温降低及游离T4水平下降。A:注射抗PD-L1抗体的小鼠体温显著降低,补充甲状腺素后体温恢复正常;B:注射抗PD-L1抗体的小鼠游离T4水平较对照组低。Multiple injections of anti-PD-L1 antibody causes a decrease in body temperature and free T4 levels in mice. A: Body temperature of mice injected with anti-PD-L1 antibody; B: Serum free T4 levels of mice injected with anti-PD-L1 antiboy. T4: tetraiodothyronine.
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